Book - Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies

691 Pages • 43,643 Words • PDF • 6.5 MB
Uploaded at 2021-09-24 12:14

This document was submitted by our user and they confirm that they have the consent to share it. Assuming that you are writer or own the copyright of this document, report to us by using this DMCA report button.


file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_i.html

3DJHL

5287/('*((1&PHDQLQJµFRQIXVLRQ¶@ EHFDXVHWKHUHWKH/25'FRQIXVHGWKHODQJXDJHRIDOOWKHHDUWKDQGIURPWKHUHWKH/25'VFDWWHUHG WKHPDEURDGRYHUWKHIDFHRIDOOWKHHDUWK 5HYLVHG6WDQGDUG9HUVLRQ ([LWWKH/25'RUWKDWJURXSRIJRGVWKDWWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWFDOOVWKH(ORKLP µOHWXVJRGRZQ¶²QRWDUR\DO RUDGLYLQHµZH¶EXWDJURXS H[LWDOVRWKHSHRSOHGZHOOLQJLQWKHODQGRI6KLQDU²DQGHQWHUWKHWUDQVODWRUWKH RQO\SHUVRQFDSDEOHRIUHPHG\LQJHYHQVOLJKWO\WKHVFDWWHULQJRIWRQJXHVDW%DEHO+HQFHWKHWLWOHRI),7¶6 MRXUQDO%DEHOKHQFHWKHWLWOHRI*HRUJH6WHLQHU¶VERRNRQWUDQVODWLRQ$IWHU%DEHO  KHQFHWKHWLWOHRI -DFTXHV'HUULGD¶VGHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI:DOWHU%HQMDPLQµ'HV7RXUVGH%DEHO¶  ²DQGWKHOLVWJRHVRQDQG RQ %XWWKHVWRU\UDLVHVPRUHTXHVWLRQVWKDQLWDQVZHUVZKLFKLVXQGRXEWHGO\RQHRILWVDWWUDFWLRQV:KDWDUHZHWR GRZLWKWKHP\WKRIRQHODQJXDJH"6RPHZULWHUVQRWDEO\WKH*HUPDQ5RPDQWLFVIURP+HUGHUDQGWKH 6FKOHJHOEURWKHUVWKURXJK+XPEROGWDQG*RHWKHDQGYDULRXVSRVW5RPDQWLFVIURP%HQMDPLQWR+HLGHJJHUDQG *HRUJH6WHLQHUKDYHZDQWHGWREHOLHYHLQDSULPRUGLDOODQJXDJHWKDWZDVORVWLQWKHVFDWWHULQJRIWRQJXHVDW %DEHODQGWKDWPLJKWEHUHJDLQHGWKURXJKSHUIHFW RUHYHQIRU%HQMDPLQLPSHUIHFW P\VWLFDOWUDQVODWLRQ7KH WUDQVODWRUWKXVLQWKLVYLVLRQEHFRPHVWKH:RUOG6DYLRXUUHVWRUHURIWKHRULJLQDOOLQJXLVWLFXQLW\WKDWWKHJRGV VPDVKHGRQWKHSODLQVRI6KLQDU $UHODWHGP\WKGHYHORSHGµVFLHQWLILFDOO\¶LQWKHPLGQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\E\$XJXVW6FKOHLFKHU ±  XQGHUWKHLQVSLUDWLRQRIWKH*HUPDQ5RPDQWLFVLVWKDWRIDQRULJLQDO,QGR(XURSHDQSHRSOHZKRVSRNHD VLQJOHSXUHSULPRUGLDOODQJXDJHRU8UVSUDFKHFDOOHG3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ$V6FKOHLFKHUDQGDOORIKLV SKLORORJLFDOIROORZHUVVLQFHUHFRJQL]HWKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHWKDWVXFKDODQJXDJHHYHUH[LVWHGDQGWKHLGHDLV UDWKHUIDUIHWFKHGWKDWDOORIWKHPRGHUQODQJXDJHVIURP(XURSHWR,QGLDGHYHORSHGIURPDVLQJOHODQJXDJH WKDWWKLQJVZHUHRQFHVLPSOHSXUHXQLILHGEXWQRZDUHFRPSOH[PL[HGGLYHUVH6WLOOKDYLQJDGPLWWHGWKDW WKHZKROHQRWLRQRIDQ

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_21.html11/3/2007 10:19:02 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_22.html

3DJH

,QGR(XURSHDQSHRSOHDQGODQJXDJHLVSXUHVSHFXODWLRQPRVWKLVWRULFDOOLQJXLVWVFRQWLQXHWRILQGLWIUXLWIXOWR VSHFXODWHRQZKHUHWKHVHK\SRWKHWLFDOSHRSOHOLYHGZKDWNLQGRIHFRQRP\WKH\KDGZKDWJRGVWKH\EHOLHYHG LQDQGVRRQ(W\PRORJLVWVVWLOOWUDFHZRUGVEDFNWRK\SRWKHVL]HG,QGR(XURSHDQURRWV$QGRIFRXUVHLQWKH VWKH1D]LVVSHFXODWHGWKDWWKH,QGR(XURSHDQVRU$U\DQVZHUHEORQG6FDQGLQDYLDQVWDOOIDLUORQJ KHDGHGFUHDWXUHVZKRZHUHWKHSXUHDQGRULJLQDOUDFHRI(XURSHODWHUFRQWDPLQDWHGE\GDUNEORRGIURP HOVHZKHUH7KHSUREOHPLVWKDWWKHP\WKRIDSXUHRULJLQDO8UVSUDFKHZKHWKHUVHWRQWKHSODLQVRI6KLQDURU VRPHZKHUHLQ(XURSHRUWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQWLVLQKHUHQWO\QRVWDOJLFDQGHVFKDWRORJLFDO²LPSOLFLWO\ELDVHG WRZDUGDFRQFHSWLRQRIODQJXDJHDVKDYLQJGHJHQHUDWHGIURPDSULPHYDOSXULW\DQGWKXVLQQHHGRIUHVWRUDWLRQ WRWKDWSXULW\7KHSDUDOOHOVDPRQJWKH,QGLDQDQG(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVDUHREMHFWLYHIDFWVZKLFKPLJKWEH H[SODLQHGDQ\QXPEHURIZD\VWKHK\SRWKHVLVRIDQRULJLQDO,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHWKDWZDVVFDWWHUHGDFURVV WZRFRQWLQHQWVLVDQH[SODQDWRU\P\WKDQGRQO\RQHVXFKP\WKDQGRQHZLWKGLVWXUELQJLPSOLFDWLRQV 7KHVWRU\RIWKHWRZHURI%DEHOLVDOVRIDUIURPDGLYLQHPDQGDWHIRUWUDQVODWRUV7KHJRGVGRQRWVD\µ/HWXV FRQIXVHWKHLUODQJXDJHWKDWWKHUHPD\EHWUDQVODWLRQ¶7KH\VD\µ/HWXV«FRQIXVHWKHLUODQJXDJHWKDWWKH\PD\ QRWXQGHUVWDQGRQHDQRWKHU¶VVSHHFK¶ZKLFKLVTXLWHDGLIIHUHQWPDWWHU²RQHWKDWVHHPVDOPRVWWREDQ WUDQVODWLRQDORQJZLWKDQ\RWKHUPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLQJDFURVVOLQJXLVWLFEDUULHUV LQFOXGLQJRQHVXSSRVHV IRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ DQGWKXVRIRQFHDJDLQWKUHDWHQLQJWKHVHFXULW\RIWKHJRGVRQKLJK7KHVWRU\ FRQFHLYHVOLQJXLVWLFXQLW\DQGWKXVKXPDQEHLQJV¶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µVFDWWHU¶RUµFRQIXVH¶WKHLU6SDQLVKFLWL]HQVE\IRUFLQJWKHPWROHDUQ (QJOLVK %XWWKHLURQ\LQWKLVLVRQO\VXSHUILFLDOIRUXOWLPDWHO\WKHWRZHURI%DEHOP\WKLVLWVHOIDQDWWDFNRQOLQJXLVWLF GLYHUVLW\,QLWOLQJXLVWLFXQLW\LVH[SOLFLWO\SRUWUD\HGDVWKHGDQJHUEXWRQO\IURPWKHJRGV¶SRLQWRIYLHZDQG WKHVWRU\WDFLWO\HQFRXUDJHVUHDGHUVWRLGHQWLI\ZLWKWKHSHRSOHGZHOOLQJLQWKHODQGRI6KLQDUWKHEXLOGHUVDW %DEHOZKRVHXQLWDU\ODQJXDJHZDVVFDWWHUHGDQGFRQIXVHG(YHU\RQHRQFHVSRNHDVLQJOHODQJXDJHLVWKH VWRU\¶VVXEWH[WDQGHYHU\RQHVKRXOGVSHDNDVLQJOHODQJXDJHDJDLQ²VD\(VSHUDQWRRU(QJOLVKRUZKDWHYHU WKHQH[WOLQJXDIUDQFDPD\EH&RPSDUHGZLWKWKLVQRVWDOJLFORQJLQJDOOWUDQVODWLRQHIIRUWVZLOOVHHP SDWKHWLFDOO\LQDGHTXDWHWUDGXWWRUHWUDGLWRUHWKHWUDQVODWRULVDWUDGXFHUEHFDXVHVKHIDLOVWRUHVWRUHXVWRD SULVWLQHVWDWHEHIRUHWUDQVODWLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\ 6HHDOVR 08/7,/,1*8$/,60$1'75$16/$7,21385(/$1*8$*(6(0,27,&$3352$&+(6 75$16/$7$%,/,7FRPSHQVDWLRQ@LVVDLGWRRFFXU ZKHQORVVRIPHDQLQJVRXQGHIIHFWPHWDSKRURUSUDJPDWLFHIIHFWLQRQHSDUWRIDVHQWHQFHLVFRPSHQVDWHGLQ DQRWKHUSDUWRULQDFRQWLJXRXVVHQWHQFH¶  %DNHURQWKHRWKHUKDQGJLYHVFRPSHQVDWLRQDGLVWLQFWO\ GLVSODFHGFKDUDFWHUZKHQVKHVWDWHVµWKLV>FRPSHQVDWLRQ@PHDQVWKDWRQHPD\HLWKHURPLWRUSOD\GRZQD IHDWXUHVXFKDVLGLRPDWLFLW\DWWKHSRLQWZKHUHLWRFFXUVLQWKHVRXUFHWH[WDQGLQWURGXFHLWHOVHZKHUHLQWKH WDUJHWWH[W¶   +DUYH\  DWWHPSWVWREULQJWRJHWKHUWKHVHYDULRXVHPSKDVHVSXWWLQJIRUZDUGDGHVFULSWLYHIUDPHZRUN ZKLFKLGHQWLILHVWKUHHSRLQWVRQDVSHFWUXPRISRVVLELOLWLHV7KXVFRPSHQVDWLRQFDQEHSDUDOOHOFRQWLJXRXVRU GLVSODFHGLQUHODWLRQWRDJLYHQLQVWDQFHRIORVV,WLVQRWHGKRZHYHUWKDWLQVWDQFHVRIWKHµGLVSODFHG¶FDWHJRU\ DUHQRWDOZD\VHDV\WRGLVWLQJXLVKIURPDPRUHµJHQHUDOL]HG¶W\SHRIFRPSHQVDWLRQ+HUHVW\OLVWLFIHDWXUHVDUH XVHGLQWKHWDUJHWWH[WLQDQDWWHPSWWRµQDWXUDOL]HWKHWH[WIRUWKHWDUJHWUHDGHU«ZLWKRXWWKHVH>IHDWXUHV@EHLQJ WLHGWRDQ\VSHFLILFLQVWDQFHVRIVRXUFHWH[WORVV¶ +DUYH\  7KHTXHVWLRQRIHTXLYDOHQWHIIHFW 7KHQRWLRQRIHTXLYDOHQWHIIHFWZKLFKXQGHUOLHVWKHGHILQLWLRQRIFRPSHQVDWLRQLVQRWRIFRXUVH XQSUREOHPDWLF*XWW  UDLVHVWKLVLVVXHLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIDWDUJHWWH[WWKDWIDLOHGWRUHSURGXFHWKHHIIHFW RIIODWWHU\RILWVUHDGHUV¶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¶VRZQUHDFWLRQVWRWKHWH[WVVKHLVUHDGLQJ VRXUFH DQGZULWLQJ WDUJHW /DWHULQWKHVDPHSDVVDJH KHZRQGHUVZKDWVFRSHLVOHIWIRUFRPSHQVDWLRQDWDOOLILWLVGHHPHGWKDWWKHSUDJPDWLFHIIHFWVRIWKHVRXUFH WH[WµDUHQRWVRFLDOO\DFFHSWDEOHLQWKHWDUJHWFXOWXUH"¶ LELG 

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_39.html11/3/2007 10:19:28 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_5F40.html

3DJH

&RPSHQVDWLRQDQGWKHXQLWRIWUDQVODWLRQ *XWWDOVRWRXFKHVLQWKHVDPHSDVVDJHRQWKHLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQVWKDWWKHQRWLRQRIFRPSHQVDWLRQKDVIRU HVWDEOLVKLQJWKH81,72)75$16/$7,21*LYHQWKDWFRPSHQVDWLRQIRUDORVWVRXUFHWH[WHIIHFWFDQEH GLVSHUVHGRUGLVSODFHGWRDGLIIHUHQWSDUWRIWKHWDUJHWWH[WFRPSHQVDWLRQVKLIWVHPSKDVLVDZD\IURP HVWDEOLVKLQJFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQZRUGVDQGVHQWHQFHVWRWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIODUJHUVWUHWFKHVRIWH[W7KLV WH[WKROLVWLFFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHWUDQVODWLRQXQLWLQIRUPV.QRZOVRQ¶VUHPDUNRQWKHUROHRIFRPSHQVDWLRQLQ %HFNHWW¶V$87275$16/$7,21VLH%HFNHWW¶VWUDQVODWLRQVRIKLVRZQZRUNV   7KHQRWLRQRIFRPSHQVDWLRQVHHPVYDOLGHQRXJKLQDSSURDFKLQJ%HFNHWW¶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¶VRZQFUHDWLYLW\KHOSWRXQGHUPLQHWKHWUDGLWLRQDOLGHRORJLFDO KLHUDUFK\RIVRXUFHDQGWDUJHWWH[WVDXWKRUL]LQJWKHODWWHUWRGHYHORSLWVRZQHFRQRP\RIPHDQLQJVDQGHIIHFWV 6HHDOVR $'$37$7,21

)XUWKHUUHDGLQJ &ULVDIXOOL*XWW+DUYH\+DWLPDQG0DVRQ+HUYH\DQG+LJJLQV1HZPDUN

.(,7++$59(<

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ĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH ,QJR5  /lKW|NLHOHVWlNRKGHNLHOHHQ-RKGDWXVWDNllQQ|VWLHWHHVHHQ>)URP6RXUFH/DQJXDJHWR7DUJHW /DQJXDJH$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV@3RUYRR:622Q&]HFK9HUVH@%HUOLQQRSXEOLVKHUFLWHGWUDQVDV=iNODG\þHVNpKR YHUãH>7KH)RXQGDWLRQVRI&]HFK9HUVH@3UDJXHQRSXEOLVKHUFLWHG ²²  µ2SĜHNODGXYHUãĤ¶>2Q9HUVH7UDQVODWLRQ@3OiQ± ²² ± µ&RMHSRH]LH"¶WUDQV0+HLQDVµ:KDWLV3RHWU\"¶LQ/0DWHMNDDQG,57LWXQLN HGV 6HPLRWLFVRI $UW3UDJXH6FKRRO&RQWULEXWLRQV&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV ²²  µ2Q/LQJXLVWLF$VSHFWVRI7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ%URZHU HG ± ²²  µ&ORVLQJ6WDWHPHQW/LQJXLVWLFVDQG3RHWLFV¶LQ76HEHRN HG 6W\OHLQ/DQJXDJH&DPEULGJH0$0,7 3UHVV± ²²  µ2Q/LQJXLVWLF$VSHFWVRI7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ-DNREVRQ6HOHFWHG:ULWLQJV,,:RUGDQG/DQJXDJH7KH +DJXHDQG3DULV0RXWRQ± -DPHV&DUO  &RQWUDVWLYH$QDO\VLV/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ -DQGO(UQVW  /DXWXQG/XLVH2OWHQ -lQLV0  .LUMDOOLVXXWWDMDWHDWWHULWHNVWL7XWNLPXVQl\WHOPLHQNllQWlPLVHVWlHVLPHUNNLDLQHLVWRQD$QWRQ 7VHKRYLQ.ROPHQVLVDUHQVXRPHQQRNVHW>/LWHUDWXUHDQG7KHDWUH7H[W$6WXG\RI'UDPD7UDQVODWLRQZLWK5HIHUHQFH WR)LQQLVK7UDQVODWLRQVRI&KHNKRY¶V7KUHH6LVWHUV@ 7ZR7UDQVODWLRQVRI)DXVW@3UDJXH)U%RURYê -RKDQVVRQ6WLJ  µ0HQVVDQDLQFRUSRUHVDQR2QWKH5ROHRI&RUSRUDLQ/LQJXLVWLF5HVHDUFK¶7KH(XURSHDQ (QJOLVK0HVVHQJHU  ± ²²DQG.+RIODQG  7RZDUGVDQ(QJOLVK1RUZHJLDQSDUDOOHOFRUSXV¶LQ8)ULHV*7RWWLHDQG36FKQHLGHU HGV  &UHDWLQJDQG8VLQJ(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH&RUSRUD3DSHUVIURPWKH)RXUWHHQWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(QJOLVK /DQJXDJH5HVHDUFKRQ&RPSXWHUL]HG&RUSRUD=XULFK -(EHOLQJDQG.+RIODQG  µ&RGLQJDQG$OLJQLQJWKH(QJOLVK1RUZHJLDQ3DUDOOHO&RUSXV¶LQ.$LMPHU% $OWHQEHUJDQG0-RKDQVVRQ HGV /DQJXDJHVLQ&RQWUDVW3DSHUVIURPD6\PSRVLXPRQ7H[WEDVHG&URVVOLQJXLVWLF 6WXGLHV/XQG±0DUFK/XQG/XQG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -RKQV)$  µ0DQLIHVWDWLRQVRI$UWKXU

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_608.html11/3/2007 10:31:34 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_609.html

3DJH :DOH\6RPH%LEOLRJUDSKLFDODQG2WKHU1RWHV¶%ULWLVK/LEUDU\-RXUQDO± -RKQVRQ6DPXHO  7KH,GOHUDQG7KH$GYHQWXUHUHGV:-%DWH-RKQ0%XOOLWWDQG/)3RZHOO1HZ+DYHQ DQG/RQGRQ7UDQVODWLRQ&XOWXUHLQ0RGHUQ-DSDQ@7RN\R&Knjǀ.ǀURQ 6KD .DSODQ(GZDUG.  7KH3DULVLDQ3URZOHU$WKHQV*$8QLYHUVLW\RI*HRUJLD .DSODQ5%  µ&XOWXUDO7KRXJKW3DWWHUQVLQ,QWHUFXOWXUDO(GXFDWLRQ¶/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ ± ± ²²  µ&RQWUDVWLYH5KHWRULFDQG6HFRQG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ1RWHVWRZDUGVD7KHRU\RI&RQWUDVWLYH5KHWRULF¶ LQ$&3XUYHV HG :ULWLQJ$FURVV/DQJXDJHVDQG&XOWXUHV,VVXHVLQ&RQWUDVWLYH5KHWRULF1HZEXU\3DUN6DJH .DUDQWD\6XDW  µ7KH7UDQVODWLRQ2IILFHRIWKHV1RUPVDQG)XQFWLRQV¶LQ'RXZH)RNNHPD HG  3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH;,,,WK&RQJUHVVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH$VVRFLDWLRQYRO6SDFHDQG%RXQG DULHV0XQLFK,XGLFLXP9HUODJ± .DULPL+DNNDN$KPDG  µ)URP7UDQVODWLRQWR$SSURSULDWLRQ3RHWLF&URVVEUHHGLQJLQ(DUO\7ZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\,UDQ¶&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH  ± .DVDQML/  µ*XLGHOLQHIRU*RYHUQPHQW$JHQFLHVIRU+LULQJ,QWHUSUHWHUV¶(WKQLF$IIDLUV6HUYLFH'HSDUWPHQW RI,QWHUQDO$IIDLUV .DVLQLV.  /RJRWHFKQLNL0HWDSKUDVL&KDUWRJUDSKLVLWRQ5HYPDWRQNH7DVHRQWRXNH$L>/LWHUDU\ 7UDQVODWLRQ$0DSSLQJRIWKH&XUUHQWVDQG7UHQGVLQWKHWKDQGWK&HQWXULHV@8QSXEOLVKHGSDSHUSUHVHQWHGDW WKH*RXODQGULV+RUQ)RXQGDWLRQ$WKHQV 0D\  .DWDJLUL.  2UDQGD7VnjMLQR.HQN\nj>$6WXG\RIWKH'XWFK,QWHUSUHWHUV@7RN\R0RGHUQ /LWHUDWXUH$SSUHFLDWLRQ6HULHVYRO@7RN\R.DGRNDZD6KRWHQ .DZDPXUD-  1LKRQJRQR6HNDL+RQ\DNXQR1LKRQJR>7UDQVODWLQJ-DSDQHVHLQ7KH:RUOGRIWKH-DSDQHVH /DQJXDJHYRO@7RN\R&Knjǀ.ǀURQVKD .D\0  µ7KH0,1'6\VWHP¶LQ55XVWLQ HG 1DWXUDO/DQJXDJH3URFHVVLQJ1HZ&RPSHQVDWRU\9LUWXHVRI5RPDQLDQLQ 7UDQVODWLRQ@7LPLúRDUD)DFOD3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH ²²  µ6XJHVWLLSHQWUXYDORULILFDUHDWUDGXFHULORUODRUHOHGHOLPELPRGHUQH¶>6XJJHVWLRQVIRU8VLQJ7UDQVODWLRQV LQ)/7@LQ56kUEX,QWHUIHUHQFHDQG&UHDWLYH7UDQVODWLRQLQ(PLQHVFX¶V:RUN5HPDUNVRQDQ(DUO\7UDQVODWLRQ@/DQJXDJH DQG/LWHUDWXUH± ²²DQG.LQJD.ODXG\ HGV   µ7UDQVIHUUHQHFHVVHHVW«¶&XUUHQW,VVXHVRI7UDQVODWLRQ7KHRU\SURFHHGLQJVRID V\PSRVLXPLQKRQRXURI*\|UJ\5DGy6]RPEDWKHO\'DQLHO%HU]VHQ\L&ROOHJH .ROOHU:HUQHU  (LQIKUXQJLQGLHhEHUVHW]XQJVZLVVHQVFKDIWWKHGQ+HLGHOEHUJDQG:LHVEDGHQ4XHOOH XQG0H\HU ²²  µ(TXLYDOHQFHLQ7UDQVODWLRQ7KHRU\¶LQ&KHVWHUPDQ HG  ²²  µ=XP*HJHQVWDQGGHUhEHUVHW]XQJVZLVVHQVFKDIW¶LQ$UQW]DQG7KRPH HGV ± ²²  µ=XP%HJULIIGHU³HLJHQWOLFKHQ´hEHUVHW]XQJ¶LQ-XVWD+RO]0lQWWlULDQG&KULVWLDQH1RUG HGV  7UDGXFHUH1DYHP)HVWVFKULIWIU.DWKDULQD5HLȕ]XP*HEXUWVWDJ7DPSHUH ²²  µ7KH&RQFHSWRI(TXLYDOHQFHDQGWKH2EMHFWRI7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV¶7DUJHW  ± .RPLVVDURY91  µ(NVSOLWVLURYDQL\HNDNSUREOHPDSHUHYRGD¶>([SOLFDWLRQDVD3UREOHPRI7UDQVODWLRQ@ 3UREOHPLSULNODGQR\OLQJYLVWLNL>3UREOHPVRI$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFV@0RVFRZ7'9. ²²  6ORYRRSHUHYRGH>$:RUG$ERXW7UDQVODWLRQ@0RVFRZ0H]KGXQDURGQ\HRWQRVKHQL\D ²²  /LQJYLVWLNDSHUHYRGD>7KH/LQJXLVWLFVRI7UDQVODWLRQ@0RVFRZ0H]KGXQDURGQ\HRWQRVKHQL\D ²²  7HRUL\DSHUHYRGD>7UDQVODWLRQ7KHRU\@0RVFRZ9\VVKD\DVKNROD .RQGǀ0  µ³&DVVHWWH(IIHFW´LQ-DSDQHVH7UDQVODWLRQ:RUGV¶7KH,QWHUSUHWHUV¶1HZVOHWWHUVSHFLDOLVVXHQR ± .|QLJ)DQG9HUQRQ1  µ7UDQVODWLRQ:RUNVKRS$Q$OWHUQDWLYHWR'HYHORSLQJ/LWHUDU\,QVLJKW¶&DQDGLDQ 0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH5HYLHZ  ± .RSDQHY3,  9RSURV\WHRULLLLVWRULLNKXGR]KHVWYHQQRJRSHUHYRGD>,VVXHVRIWKH7KHRU\DQG+LVWRU\RI /LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ@0LQVN,]GDWHOVWYR%*8 ²²DQG)%H\HU  7HRUL\DLSUDNWLNDXVWQRJRSHUHYRGD>7KH7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFHRI,QWHUSUHWLQJ@0LQVN 9\VVKD\DVKNROD .RSF]\ĔVNL$  &RQIHUHQFH,QWHUSUHWLQJ6RPH/LQJXLVWLFDQG&RPPXQLFDWLYH3UREOHPV3R]QDĔ8QLZHUV\WHW LP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]D $+DQIWZXUFHO(.DUVNDDQG/5\ZLQ HGV   7KH0LVVLRQRIWKH7UDQVODWRU7RGD\DQG7RPRUURZ 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,;WK:RUOG&RQJUHVVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO)HGHUDWLRQRI7UDQVODWRUV:DUVDZ),7 .RUSHO/XF  2YHUKHWQXWHQGHZLM]HGHUYHUWDOLQJHQ1HGHUODQGVHYHUWDDOUHIOHFWLH ± LQHHQ :HVWHXURSHHVNDGHU>2QWKH8VHIXOQHVVDQGWKH0DQQHURI7UDQVODWLRQV'XWFK'LVFRXUVHVRQ7UDQVODWLRQ ±  LQD:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQ)UDPHZRUN@$PVWHUGDP5RGRSL ²² D µ5KHWRULFDQG'XWFK7UDQVODWLRQ7KHRU\ ± ¶7DUJHW  ± ²² HG  E ,Q1HGHUGXLWVFKJHZDDG1HGHUODQGVHEHVFKRXZLQJHQRYHUYHUWDOHQ±>,Q'XWFK*DUE 'XWFK'LVFRXUVHVRQ7UDQVODWLRQ±@7KH+DJXH%LEOLRJUDSKLD1HHUODQGLFD .RXWVLYLWLV9  7KHRULDWLV0HWDSKUDVLV>7KHRU\RI7UDQVODWLRQ@$WKHQV*UHHN8QLYHUVLW\3XEOLFDWLRQV .RYDOD8 HG   0DDLOPDQNLUMDOOLVXXGHQMDVHQNODVVLNNRMHQVXRPHQWDPLVHVWD2VDW,,,,>7KH)LQQLVK 7UDQVODWLRQRI:RUOG/LWHUDU\&ODVVLFV(QJOLVKVXPPDULHVLQYRO,,,@-\YlVN\Ol-\YlVN\OlQ\OLRSLVWRQ NLUMDOOLVXXGHQODLWRNVHQPRQLVWHHWQRV± .UDVKHQ6'  3ULQFLSOHVDQG3UDFWLFHLQ6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ2[IRUG3HUJDPRQ3UHVV .UDW]'  µ$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK1RUPDQ6KDSLUR¶7UDQVODWLRQ5HYLHZ± .UHVV*XQWKHU  /LQJXLVWLF3URFHVVHVLQ6RFLRFXOWXUDO3UDFWLFH9LFWRULD'HDNLQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_611.html11/3/2007 10:31:38 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_612.html

3DJH ²²DQG5RJHU)RZOHU  µ,QWHUYLHZV¶LQ5RJHU)RZOHU%RE+RGJH*XQWKHU.UHVVDQG7RQ\7UHZ/DQJXDJH DQG&RQWURO/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3DXO .ULQJV+3  :DVLQGHQ.|SIHQYRQhEHUVHW]HUQYRUJHKW(LQHHPSLULVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJ]XU6WUXNWXUGHV hEHUVHW]XQJVSUR]HVVHVDQIRUWJHVFKULWWHQHQ)UDQ]|VLVFKOHUQHUQ7ELQJHQ1DUU ²²  µ7KH8VHRI,QWURVSHFWLYH'DWDLQ7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ)DHUFKDQG.DVSHU HGV ± ²²  µ%OLFNLQGLH³%ODFN%R[´²(LQH)DOOVWXGLH]XPhEHUVHW]XQJVSUR]H‰EHL%HUXIVEHUVHW]HUQ¶LQ5$UQW] HG 7H[WOLQJXLVWLNXQG)DFKVSUDFKH$NWHQGHV,QWHUQDWLRQDOHQEHUVHW]XQJVZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ$,/$6\PSRVLRQV +LOGHVKHLP±$SULO+LOGHVKHLP2OPV .ULVWHYD-  /H7H[WHGXURPDQ7KH+DJXH0RXWRQ .ULW]HFN-  3HWHUWKH9HQHUDEOHDQG,VODP3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV .URQWLULV7LQD  µ%UHDNLQJ%DUULHUVRI*HQUHDQG*HQGHU0DUJDUHW7\OHU¶V7UDQVODWLRQRIWKH0LUURXURI .QLJKWKRRG¶(QJOLVK/LWHUDU\5HQDLVVDQFH± ²²  2SSRVLWLRQDO9RLFHV:RPHQDV:ULWHUVDQG7UDQVODWRUVRI/LWHUDWXUHLQWKH(QJOLVK5HQDLVVDQFH /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH .UXJHU$ HG   1HZ3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ7HDFKLQJ7UDQVODWRUVDQG,QWHUSUHWHUVLQ6RXWK$IULFD'HSDUWPHQWRI /LQJXLVWLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK$IULFD .U]HV]RZVNL73  µ&RQWUDVWLYH*HQHUDWLYH*UDPPDU¶6WXGLD$QJOLFD3RVQDQLHQVLD± ²²  µ7áXPDF]HQLHMDNRF]\QQRĞüSUDJPDW\F]QD¶>7UDQVODWLRQDVD3UDJPDWLF3URFHVV@LQ*UXF]D HG  ²²  µ7KH6RFDOOHG³6LJQ7KHRU\´DVWKH)LUVW0HWKRGLQ&RQWUDVWLYH/LQJXLVWLFV¶LQ83LHSHUDQG$6WLFNHO HGV 6WXGLD/LQJXLVWLFD'LDFKURQLFDHW6\QFKURQLFD%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU± ²²  &RQWUDVWLQJ/DQJXDJHV7KH6FRSHRI&RQWUDVWLYH/LQJXLVWLFV7KH+DJXH0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU .XIQHURYi=ODWD0LOHQD3ROiþNRYi-DURPtU3RYHMãLO=GHQD6NRXPDORYiDQG9ODVWD6WUDNRYi  3ĜHNOiGiQtD þHãWLQD>2Q7UDQVODWLQJDQG&]HFK@3UDJXH++ .XKLZF]DN3  µ7UDQVODWLRQDV$SSURSULDWLRQ7KH&DVHRI0LODQ.XQGHUD¶V7KH-RNH¶LQ%DVVQHWWDQG /HIHYHUH HGV ± .XLYDVPlNL5  µ6XRPHQQRNVHWQXRULVRNLUMDOOLVXXWHPPHNHKLW\NVHVVl¶>7KH,QIOXHQFHRI7UDQVODWLRQVRQ )LQQLVK-XYHQLOH/LWHUDWXUH@LQ$2OOLNDLQHQ HG  .XNKDUHQNR9$  µ(NVSOLNDWVL\DVRGKHU]KDQL\DWHNVWDYSURFHVVHSHUHYRGD¶>([SOLFDWLRQRIWKH&RQWHQWVRID 7H[WGXULQJWKH3URFHVVRI7UDQVODWLRQ@LQ$'6KYHLWVHU HG 7HNVWLSHUHYRG>7H[WDQG7UDQVODWLRQ@0RVFRZ 1DXND± .XOWXUKLVWRULVNOHNVLNRQIRUQRUGLVNPLGGHODOGHUIUDYLNLQJHWLGWLOUHIRUPDWLRQVWLG>&XOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO(QF\FORSHGLDRI WKH1RUGLF0LGGOH$JHVIURPWKH9LNLQJVWRWKH5HIRUPDWLRQ@QGHGQ  &RSHQKDJHQ5RVHQNLOGHRJ%DJJHU .XSVFK/RVHUHLW6LJULG  µ6FKHLQWHLQHVFK|QH6RQQH"RGHU:DVLVWHLQhEHUVHW]XQJVIHKOHU"¶/HEHQGH 6SUDFKHQ  ± .XUDQ1HGUHW  µ7KH)LUVW*RHWKH7UDQVODWLRQVLQ7XUNLVK¶LQ'RXZH)RNNHPD HG 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH;,,,WK &RQJUHVVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH$VVRFLDWLRQYRO6SDFHDQG%RXQGDULHV0XQLFK,XGLFLXP 9HUODJ± .XUH-HQVHQ/LVH  µ,VDN'LQHVHQLQ(QJOLVK'DQLVKDQG7UDQVODWLRQ$UH:H5HDGLQJWKH6DPH7H[W"¶LQ 2OJD$QDVWDVLD3HOHQVN\ HG ,VDN'LQHVHQ&ULWLFDO9LHZV$WKHQV2+2KLR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV± .XUHPDWVX$  µ2YHUYLHZRI6SHHFK7UDQVODWLRQDW$75¶LQ61LUHQEXUJ HG 3URJUHVVLQ0DFKLQH 7UDQVODWLRQ$PVWHUGDP,263UHVV7RN\R2KPVKD .UW|VL.DWDOLQ  µ3RHWVRI%LIXUFDWHG7RQJXHVRURQWKH3OXULOLQJXDOLVPRI&DQDGLDQ+XQJDULDQSRHWV¶775 7UDGXFWLRQ7HUPLQRORJLH5HGDFWLRQ  ± .XUXF]*\DQG/6]RUHQ\L HGV   +XQJDULD/HWWHUDULD(XURSDHILOLD>/LWHUDU\+XQJDU\'DXJKWHURI (XURSH@%XGDSHVW7KH+XQJDULDQ3XEOLVKHUV¶DQG%RRNVHOOHUV¶$VVRFLDWLRQ 0DJ\DU.|Q\YNLDGyNpV .|Q\YWHUMHV]WĘN(J\HVOHWH  .XU],QJULG  µ7KH5RFN7RPEVRIWKH3ULQFHVRI(OHSKDQWLQH(DUOLHVW5HIHUHQFHVWR,QWHUSUHWDWLRQLQ 3KDUDRQLF(J\SW¶%DEHO  ± ²²  µ7KH,QWHUSUHWHU)HOLSLOORDQGKLV5ROHLQWKH7ULDORIWKH,QFD5XOHU$WDKXDOSD¶7KH-HURPH4XDUWHUO\ :DVKLQJWRQ  ± ²²DQG)UDQ]3|FKKDFNHU  µ4XDOLW\LQ,QWHUSUHWLQJ¶7UDQVODWLR ± ± .XVVPDXO3DXO  µ&UHDWLYLW\LQWKH7UDQVODWLRQ3URFHVV(PSLULFDO$SSURDFKHV¶LQYDQ/HXYHQ=ZDUWDQG 1DDLMNHQV HGV ± ²²  7UDLQLQJWKH7UDQVODWRU$PVWHUGDPDQG3KLODGHOSKLD-RKQ%HQMDPLQV .XW*XQD\  µYH+LVWRU\RI 7UDQVODWLRQIURP)UHQFKLQWR3HUVLDQIURPWKH%HJLQQLQJWRWKH3UHVHQW@7HKUDQ.DYLDQ 1HGHUJDDUG/DUVHQ%LUJLW  µ&XOWXUDO)DFWRUVLQ6XEWLWOLQJ¶3HUVSHFWLYHV6WXGLHVLQ7UDQVODWRORJ\  ± 1HHGKDP-RVHSK  µ7KH7UDQVODWLRQRI2OG&KLQHVH6FLHQWLILFDQG7HFKQLFDO7H[WV¶LQ$'%RRWKHWDO HGV  $VSHFWVRI7UDQVODWLRQ/RQGRQ6HFNHUDQG:DUEXUJ 1HKUX-DZDKDUODO  7KH'LVFRYHU\RI,QGLD/RQGRQ0HULGLDQ%RRNV 1HNHPDQ3DXO HG   7UDQVODWLRQ2XU)XWXUH;,WK:RUOG&RQJUHVVRI),70DDVWULFKW(XURWHUP 1HXEHUW$OEUHFKW  7H[WDQG7UDQVODWLRQ hEHUVHW]XQJZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKH%HLWUlJH /HLS]LJ9(%9HUODJ (Q]\NORSlGLH ²² D µ&RPSHWHQFHLQ7UDQVODWLRQ$&RPSOH[6NLOO+RZWR6WXG\DQG+RZWR7HDFKLW¶LQ6QHOO+RUQE\ 3|FKKDFNHUDQG.DLQGO HGV  ²² E ³µ$+RXVHRI0DQ\5RRPV´7KH5DQJHRI7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV¶LQ.DGLVKDQG0DVVDUGLHU.HQQH\ HGV  ²²DQG*UHJRU\06KUHYH  7UDQVODWLRQDV7H[W.HQW2+.HQW6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 1HZ(QJOLVK%LEOHWKH2OG7HVWDPHQW  ,QWURGXFWLRQ2[IRUGDQG&DPEULGJH2[IRUGDQG&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVHV 1HZPDQ$U\HK  0DSSLQJ7UDQVODWLRQ(TXLYDOHQFH/HXYHQ$FFR ²²  µ7UDQVODWLRQ(TXLYDOHQFH1DWXUH¶LQ5($VKHUDQG-07KH$UWRI7UDQVODWLRQ@%XGDSHVW)UDQNOLQ 5DGy*\  µ6KDNHVSHDUH7HDFKHURIWKH+XQJDULDQ3RHWV¶0HWD± ²²  µ7KH%LEOHLQ+XQJDULDQ¶7KH%LEOH7UDQVODWRU7HFKQLFDO3DSHUV± 5DIDHO9LFHQWH/  &RQWUDFWLQJ&RORQLDOLVP7UDQVODWLRQDQG&KULVWLDQ&RQYHUVLRQ,Q7DJDORJ6RFLHW\8QGHU (DUO\6SDQLVK5XOH,WKDFD16WXGLHVLQ/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ %XGDSHVW8QLRQRI+XQJDULDQ :ULWHUV/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ6HFWLRQ 5DPDQXMDQ$.  6SHDNLQJRI6LYD+DUPRQGVZRUWK3HQJXLQ 5DPEHUJ%7  'RQDOG'DYLGVRQ¶V3KLORVRSK\RI/DQJXDJH$Q,QWURGXFWLRQ2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO 5D\/  µ0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOWUDQVODWLRQ3RHWU\¶LQ%ULVOLQ HG  5HHG,  µ+D]DUGVRI$GDSWDWLRQ$QRXLOK¶V$QWLJRQHLQ(QJOLVK¶LQ=XEHU HG  5HLG+HOHQH-%  µ/LWHUDWXUHRQWKH6FUHHQ6XEWLWOH7UDQVODWLQJIRU3XEOLF%URDGFDVWLQJ¶LQ%DUW:HVWHUZHHO DQG7KHR'¶KDHQ HGV 6RPHWKLQJ8QGHUVWRRG6WXGLHVLQ$QJOR'XWFK/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ$PVWHUGDP$WODQWD 5RGRSL± 5HLVV.DWDULQD  0|JOLFKNHLWHQXQG*UHQ]HQGHUhEHUVHW]XQJVNULWLN.DWHJRULHQXQG.ULWHULHQIUHLQH VDFKJHUHFKWH%HXUWHLOXQJYRQhEHUVHW]XQJHQ0XQLFK0D[+EHU ²²  7H[WW\SXQGhEHUVHW]XQJVPHWKRGH'HU2SHUDWLYH7H[W.URQEHUJ6FULSWRU ²²  µ0HWKRGLVFKH)UDJHQGHUEHUVHW]XQJVUHOHYDQWHQ7H[WDQDO\VH'LH5HLFKZHLWHGHU/DVVZHOO)RUPHO¶ /HEHQGH6SUDFKHQ± ²²  µhEHUVHW]XQJVWKHRULHQXQGLKUH5HOHYDQ]IUGLH3UD[LV¶/HEHQGH6SUDFKHQ  ± ²²  µ'HU7H[WXQGGHUhEHUVHW]HU¶LQ5HLQHU$UQW] HG 7H[WOLQJXLVWLNXQG)DFKVSUDFKH+LOGHVKHLP2OPV ± ²²  µ'DV0L‰YHUVWlQGQLVYRPHLJHQWOLFKHQhEHUVHW]HQ¶LQ$UQW]DQG7KRPH HGV ± ²²DQG+DQV-9HUPHHU  *UXQGOHJXQJHLQHUDOOJHPHLQHQ7UDQVODWLRQVWKHRULH /LQJXLVWLVFKH$UEHLWHQ  QGHGQ7ELQJHQ1LHPH\HU 5HQGLWLRQV MRXUQDO +RQJ.RQJ5HVHDUFK&HQWUHIRU7UDQVODWLRQ&KLQHVH8QLYHUVLW\RI+RQJ.RQJ 5HQHU)UHGHULFN0  ,QWHUSUHWDWLR/DQJXDJHDQG7UDQVODWLRQIURP&LFHURWR7\WOHU$PVWHUGDPDQG$WODQWD *$5RGRSL 5HWVNHU7KHRU\DQG7UDQVODWLRQDO3UDFWLFH@0RVFRZ 0H]KGXQDURGQ\HRWQRVKHQL\D 5HY]LQ,,DQG9)XQGDPHQWDOVRI*HQHUDODQG 0DFKLQH7UDQVODWLRQ@0RVFRZ9\VVKD\DVKNROD 5H\$  /D7HUPLQRORJLH3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH 5H\HV5RJHOLR  µ7KH7UDQVODWLRQRI,QWHUOLQJXDO7H[WV$&KLFDQR([DPSOH¶7UDQVODWLRQ3HUVSHFWLYHV± 5LFKDUGV,$  µ7RZDUGVD7KHRU\RI7UDQVODWLQJ¶LQ$UWKXU):ULJKW HG 6WXGLHVLQ&KLQHVH7KRXJKW &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV 5LFKDUGV-&DQG765RGJHUV  $SSURDFKHVDQG0HWKRGVLQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 5LFNV& HG   7KH3RHPVRI7HQQ\VRQ/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ1HZ:KLOH7UDQVODWLQJ@%XGDSHVW0DJYHWĘ ²²  )RUGtWyNpVIRUGuWiVRN>7UDQVODWRUVDQG7UDQVODWLRQV@%XGDSHVW0DJYHWĘ 5RQGD-  /HZLVDQG&ODUNDPRQJWKH,QGLDQV/LQFROQ8QLYHUVLW\RI1HEUDVND3UHVV 5RQGHDX*  ,QWURGXFWLRQjOD7HUPLQRORJLH0RQWUHDO&HQWUHpGXFDWLIHWFXOWXUHOLQF ²²DQG+)HOEHU HGV   7H[WHV&KRLVLVGH7HUPLQRORJLH4XHEHF*LUVWHUP 5RVFRPPRQ(DUORI >@ µ$Q(VVD\RQ7UDQVODWHG9HUVH¶LQ756WHLQHU HG  5RVH9  µ3WROHPDHXVXQGGLH6FKXOHYRQ7ROHGR¶+HUPHV  ± 5RVHQEODW$  µ/RVFRQTXLVWDGRUHV\VXOHQJXD¶LQ%LEOLRWHFD$QJHO5RVHQEODWYRO(VWXGLRVVREUHHO HVSDxROGH$PHULFD&DUDFDV0RQWH$YLOD(GLWRUHV± 5RVHQWKDO)UDQ]  7KH&ODVVLFDO+HULWDJHLQ,VODPWUDQVE\(PLOHDQG-HQQ\0DUPRUVWHLQ (QJOLVK YHUVLRQRIWKH*HUPDQRULJLQDO'DV)RUWOHEHQGHU$QWLNHLP,VODPILUVWSXEOLVKHG /RQGRQDQG1HZ$+LVWRU\RIWKH 5RPDQLDQ/DQJXDJHVIURPWKH%HJLQQLQJVWRWKH6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXU\@%XFKDUHVW6FLHQWLILFDQG(QF\FORSHGLF 3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH 5RVVHWWL'*  7KH:RUNVRI'DQWH*DEULHO5RVVHWWL:05RVVHWWL HG /RQGRQ(OOLV 5RWKHQEHUJ-HURPH  7HFKQLFLDQVRIWKH6DFUHG%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV ²²  6KDNLQJWKH3XPSNLQ1HZ7ZR+XQGUHG6WXGLHVLQ7UDQVODWLRQ6FLHQFH@8OHnERUJ,QVWLWXWLRQHQIRUQRUGLVND VSUnNYLG8OHnERUJVXQLYHUVLWHW 6RX]D0  ,QWHUYLHZE\*3ULFHLQ3ULFH HG /DWLQ$PHULFD7KH:ULWHU¶V-RXUQH\/RQGRQ+DPLVK +DPLOWRQ± 6SHDU3HUFLYDO  $+LVWRU\RI,QGLDYRO/RQGRQ3HQJXLQ 6SHUEHU'DQG':LOVRQ  5HOHYDQFH&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG&RJQLWLRQ2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO 6SHUEHUJ0F4XHHQ0DQG/%XUQDUG  *XLGHOLQHVIRU(OHFWURQLF7H[W(QFRGLQJDQG,QWHUFKDQJH7(,3 &KLFDJRDQG2[IRUG$&+$&/$//& 6SLYDN*D\DWUL&KDNUDYRUW\ D µ$FWLQJ%LWV,GHQWLW\7DON¶&ULWLFDO,QTXLU\  ± ²² E µ7KH3ROLWLFVRI7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ0LFKqOH%DUUHWWDQG$QQH3KLOOLSV HGV 'HVWDELOL]LQJ7KHRU\ &RQWHPSRUDU\)HPLQLVW'HEDWHV6WDQIRUG&$6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6SULQJHU2  µ2WIULGYRQ:HLVVHQEXUJ%DUEDULVPXVHW6RO°FLVPXV6WXGLHVLQWKH0HGLHYDO7KHRU\DQG 3UDFWLFHRI7UDQVODWLRQ¶6\PSRVLXP± 6WDFKRZLDN+  µ*HGDQNHQ]XHLQHUDOOJHPHLQHQ7KHRULHGHU0RGHOOH¶6WXGLXP*HQHUDOH± 6WDFNHOEHUJ-UJHQYRQ  µ'DV(QGHGHUEHOOHVLQILGqOHV¶LQ.5%DXVFKDQG+0*HLJHU HGV  ,QWHUOLQJXLVWLFD6SUDFKYHUJOHLFKXQGhEHUVHW]XQJ)HVWVFKULIW]XP¶*HEXUWVWDJYRQ0DULR:DQGUXV]ND 7ELQJHQ0D[1LHPH\HU ²²  hEHUVHW]XQJHQDXV]ZHLWHU+DQG5H]HSWLRQVYRUJlQJHLQGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ/LWHUDWXUYRPELV]XP -DQKUKXQGHUW%HUOLQDQG1HZ2OG%XOJDULDQ/LWHUDWXUH@ ± YROV6RILD%XOJDUVNL3LVDWHO3XEOLVKHUV 6WHFFRQL8EDOGR IRUWKFRPLQJ µ6HPLRWLFVLQ7UDQVODWLRQ7HDFKLQJ¶3DSHUSUHVHQWHGWRWKHFRQIHUHQFH3UREOHPVDQG 7UHQGVLQWKH7HDFKLQJRI,QWHUSUHWLQJDQG7UDQVODWLRQ&HQWUR,QWHUQD]LRQDOHGL6WXGLVXOO¶,QWHUSUHWD]LRQHHOD 7UDGX]LRQH0LVDQR$GULDWLFR6HSWHPEHU± 6WHJHPDQ-HOOH  hEHUVHW]XQJXQG/HVHU8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ]XUhEHUVHW]XQJVlTXLYDOHQ]GDUJHVWHOOWDQGHU 5H]HSWLRQYRQ0XOWDWXOLVµ0D[+DYHODDU¶XQGVHLQHQGHXWVFKHQhEHUVHW]XQJHQ%HUOLQDQG1HZ$Q2XWOLQHRIWKH+LVWRU\RI3ROLVK /LWHUDWXUH@YROV±:DUVDZ3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_630.html11/3/2007 10:32:03 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_631.html

3DJH 6WHUQ++  ,VVXHVDQG2SWLRQVLQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJHG3$OOHQDQG%+DUOH\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 6WHUQEHUJ0HLU  µ3RO\OLQJXDOLVPDV5HDOLW\DQG7UDQVODWLRQDV0LPHVLV¶3RHWLFV7RGD\  ± 6WLFK65  µ*UDPPDU3V\FKRORJ\DQG,QGHWHUPLQDF\¶7KH-RXUQDORI3KLORVRSK\  ± 6WLQH3& HG   %LEOH7UDQVODWLRQDQGWKH6SUHDGRIWKH&KXUFK7KH/DVW@ HG50DFNLQ7KH3UDFWLFDO6WXG\RI/DQJXDJHV$*XLGHIRU7HDFKHUVDQG/HDUQHUV 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6\NHV0  µ'LVFULPLQDWLRQLQ'LVFRXUVH¶LQ7YDQ'LMN HG +DQGERRNRI'LVFRXUVH$QDO\VLVYRO/RQGRQ $FDGHPLF3UHVV 6]DEy(  $PĦIRUGuWiV>/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ@%XGDSHVW*RQGRODW 7DEDNRZVND(  &RJQLWLYH/LQJXLVWLFVDQGWKH3RHWLFVRI7UDQVODWLRQ7ELQJHQ*XQWHU1DUU 7DLUD0  µ&RQWUDVWLYH6WXGLHVRI0RGDOLW\LQ(QJOLVKDQG6HQWHQFH)LQDO3DUWLFOHVLQ-DSDQHVH¶3K' 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DPEULGJH 7DNHGD.  µ:HVWHUQ/LWHUDWXUHLQ-DSDQHVH7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ.RGDQVKD(QF\FORSHGLDRI-DSDQYRO7RN\R .RGDQVKD/WG 7DQQHQ'  &RKHUHQFHLQ6SRNHQDQG:ULWWHQ'LVFRXUVH1RUZRRG1-$EOH[ 7DQSLQDU$KPHW+DPGL  XQFX$VLU7XUN(GHEL\DWL7DULKL>+LVWRU\RIWKFHQWXU\7XUNLVK/LWHUDWXUH@ &DJOD\DQ.LWDEHYL,VWDQEXO 7DUJHW  VSHFLDOLVVXHRQ,QWHUSUHWLQJ5HVHDUFKHG'DQLHO*LOHYRO   7DUMRPHKGDU1LP4DUQH$NKLU>7UDQVODWLRQLQWKH3DVW+DOIFHQWXU\@  DUHSRUWSUHSDUHGE\WKH(GXFDWLRQDO 'LYLVLRQRIWKH&HQWHUIRU&XOWXUDO6WXGLHVDQG&RRUGLQDWLRQ)DUKDQJYD=HQGHJL± 7DUVNL$OIUHG  µ7KH&RQFHSWRI7UXWKLQ)RUPDOL]HG/DQJXDJHV¶LQ7DUVNL/RJLF6HPDQWLFVDQG 0HWDPDWKHPDWLFV3DSHUVIURPWRWUDQV-+:RRGJHU2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV± 7DUWDJOLD1LFFROz  (OHPHQWLGL(XFOLGH9HQLFH&XUWLR7URLDQR 7DYDQL*LXVHSSH  %LOLQJXLVPRHSOXULOLQJXLVPRURPDQ]RGDO;,,DO;9,VHFROR5RPH'H6DQWLV 7D\ORU% WUDQV   -RKDQQ:ROIJDQJYRQ

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_631.html11/3/2007 10:32:04 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_632.html

3DJH *RHWKH)DXVW$7UDJHG\%RVWRQ-DPHV52VJRRGDQG&RPSDQ\ 7HEEHO-RKQ  %HWZHHQ&RYHUV7KH5LVHDQG7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ3XEOLVKLQJ2[IRUG2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7HEEOH+  µ$'LVFRXUVH0RGHOIRU'LDORJXH,QWHUSUHWLQJ¶LQ$86,73URFHHGLQJVRIWKH)LUVW3UDFWLWLRQHUV¶ 6HPLQDU&DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI,QWHUSUHWHUVDQG7UDQVODWRUV,QF1DWLRQDO2IILFH 7HGORFN'HQQLV  µ7KH7UDQVODWRURU:K\WKH&URFRGLOHZDVQRW'LVLOOXVLRQHG$3OD\LQ2QH$FW¶LQ:DUUHQ HG  7HHOH5R\(DUOH  7KURXJKD*ODVV'DUNO\$6WXG\RI(QJOLVK7UDQVODWLRQVRI&KLQHVH3RHWU\$QQ$UERU 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV 7HNLQ*|QO$  dHQJQDPH²$KPHGL'DL&ULWLFDO(GLWLRQDQG7H[WXDO$QDO\VLV>7KH%RRNRI&HQJ² $KPHGL'DL@6RXUFHVRI2ULHQWDO/DQJXDJHVDQG/LWHUDWXUHV7XUNLVK6RXUFHV;,9&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7HUUDFLQL%HQYHQXWR  ,/SUREOHPDGHOODWUDGX]LRQH0LODQ6HUUDH5LYD 7HUU\3  µ7KH,QYLVLEOH'LIIHUHQFH1RWHVRQWKH7UDQVODWLRQRI3RHWU\¶LQ)UDZOH\ HG D 7H\VVLHU3  +LVWRLUHGHODODQJXHSRUWXJDLVH3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFHWUDQV&&XQKDDV +LVWyULDGDOtQJXDSRUWXJXHVD/LVERQ/LYUDULD6iGD&RVWD(GLWRUD 7H]OD$  $Q,QWURGXFWRU\%LEOLRJUDSK\LQWKH6WXG\RI+XQJDULDQ/LWHUDWXUH&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²  +XQJDULDQ$XWKRUV&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7KDSDU5RPLOD  $+LVWRU\RI,QGLDYRO+DUPRQGVZRUWK3HQJXLQ 7KHOHQ0DUFHODQG%DUEDUD/HZDQGRZVND7RPDV]F]\N HGV   7UDQVODWLRQDQG0HDQLQJ3DUW0DDVWULFKW (XURWHUP ²² HGV   7UDQVODWLRQDQG0HDQLQJ3DUW0DDVWULFKW5LMNVKRJHVFKRRO0DDVWULFKW 7KLMVVHQ6FKRXWH&/  8LWGHUHSXEOLHNGHUOHWWHUHQ(OIVWXGLHVRSKHWJHELHGYDQGHLGHHsQJHVFKLHGHQLVYDQ GH*RXGHQ(HXZ>)URPWKH5HSXEOLFRI/HWWHUV(OHYHQ6WXGLHVLQWKH)LHOGRIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDVRIWKH*ROGHQ $JH@7KH+DJXH1LMKRII 7KRPDV1RHODQG5LFKDUG7RZHOO HGV   ,QWHUSUHWLQJDVD/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ7HFKQLTXH/RQGRQ&HQWUHIRU ,QIRUPDWLRQRQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJDQG5HVHDUFK 7KRPDV6  µ5HOHYDQFHDQG7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ7H[W/LQJXLVWLFVDQG7UDQVODWLRQDVSHFLDOLVVXHRI7XUMXPDQ eFROH6XSHULHXUH5RL)DKGGH7UDGXFWLRQ²7DQJHU   ± 7KRUQGLNH/\QQ ± $+LVWRU\RI0DJLFDQG([SHULPHQWDO6FLHQFHYROV1HZ7XUNLVK7UDQVODWLRQVRI.HOLOHDQG'LPQH@-RXUQDORI 7XUNLVK6WXGLHV)DKLU,])HVWVFKULIW,,HG*XQD\.XWDQG*RQXO$7HNLQ± 7RW]HYD6RSKLD  'DVWKHDWUDOH3RWHQWLDOGHVGUDPDWLVFKHQ7H[WHV(LQ%HLWUDJ]XU7KHRULHYRQ'UDPDXQG 'UDPHQEHUVHW]XQJ )RUXP0RGHUQHV7KHDWHU 7ELQJHQ*XQWHU1DUU 7RXU\*LGHRQ  µ1RUPRWVKHOWLUJXPVLIUXWLOHLYULW±¶>1RUPVRI/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQLQWR+HEUHZ ±@8QSXEOLVKHG3K'WKHVLV7HO$YLY8QLYHUVLW\ ²²  1RUPRWVKHOWLUJXPYHKDWLUJXPKDVLIUXWLOHLYULWEDVKDQLP±

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_632.html11/3/2007 10:32:05 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_633.html

3DJH >7UDQVODWLRQDO1RUPVDQG/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQLQWR+HEUHZ±@7HO$YLY7KH3RUWHU,QVWLWXWHIRU3RHWLFV DQG6HPLRWLFV7HO$YLY8QLYHUVLW\ ²²  µ7KH1DWXUHDQG5ROHRI1RUPVLQ/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ+ROPHV/DPEHUWDQGYDQGHQ%URHFN HGV  ± ²² D ,Q6HDUFKRID7KHRU\RI7UDQVODWLRQ7HO$YLY3RUWHU,QVWLWXWH ²² E µ&RPPXQLFDWLRQLQ7UDQVODWHG7H[WV$6HPLRWLF$SSURDFK¶LQ::LOVV HG  ²² F µ7KH7UDQVODWRUDVD1RQFRQIRUPLVWWREH2U+RZWR7UDLQ7UDQVODWRUVWR9LRODWH7UDQVODWLRQDO1RUPV¶ LQ6YHQ2ODI3RXOVRQDQG:ROIUDP:LOVV HGV $QJHZDQGWHhEHUVHW]XQJVZLVVHQVFKDIW$DUKXV'HQPDUN ²² D µ7UDQVODWHG/LWHUDWXUH6\VWHP1RUPV3HUIRUPDQFH7RZDUGD77RULHQWHG$SSURDFKWR/LWHUDU\ 7UDQVODWLRQ¶3RHWLFV7RGD\  ± ²² E µ&RQWUDVWLYH/LQJXLVWLFVDQG7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV7RZDUGD7ULSDUWLWH0RGHO¶LQ:ROIJDQJ.KOZHLQ *LVHOD7KRPHDQG:ROIUDP:LOVV HGV .RQWUDVWLYH/LQJYLVWLNXQGhEHUVHW]XQJVZLVVHQVFKDIW$NWHQGHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHQ.ROORTYLXPV7ULHU6DDUEUFNHQ0XQLFK:LOKHOP)LQN± ²²  µ7UDQVODWLRQ/LWHUDU\7UDQVODWLRQDQG3VHXGRWUDQVODWLRQ¶&RPSDUDWLYH&ULWLFLVP$7KH3HJDVXV5HDULQJRUD 3RHWLFDO3DQRSWLFXP@:DUVDZ&]\WHOQLN 7ZLQH1  /DQJXDJHDQGWKH0RGHUQ6WDWH7KH5HIRUPRI:ULWWHQ-DSDQHVH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH 7\DJLVDQDQGD6ZDPL  6YHWDVYDWDURSDQLVDG0DGUDV6UL5DPDNULVKQD0DWK 7\QGDOH:LOOLDP >@ $Q$QVZHUWR6L7KRPDV0RUH¶V'LDORJXHIDFVLPLOHHGQ1HZ$UFKDLVWVDQG,QQRYDWRUV@0RVFRZ$NDGHPLDUHSULQWHG 0XQLFK:LOKHOP)LQN ²²  µ2Q/LWHUDU\(YROXWLRQ¶WUDQV&$/XSORZLQ/DGLVODY0DWHMNDDQG.U\VW\QD3RPRUVND HGV 5HDGLQJV LQ5XVVLDQ3RHWLFV)RUPDOLVWDQG6WUXFWXUDOLVW9LHZV&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV 7\WOHU$OH[DQGHU)UDVHU/RUG:RRGKRXVHOHH >@ (VVD\RQWKH3ULQFLSOHVRI7UDQVODWLRQUGHGQ (GLQEXUJK$UFKLEDOG&RQVWDEOHDQG&RPSDQ\/RQGRQ-0'HQWDQG6RQV1HZ7KH6ZHGLVK%LEOH$WK$QQLYHUVDU\@6WRFNKROP3URSULXV± ²² F µ7KH0RQDVWHU\RI9DGVWHQD,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKH*UHDW7UDQVODWLRQ:RUNVKRSLQ0HGLHYDO6FDQGLQDYLD¶ LQ5(OOLV HG D± ²² IRUWKFRPLQJ )|UIDWWDUQD|YHUVlWWDUQDRFKVSUnNHW7H[WW\SHURFKVUnNVWUXNWXULQXVYHQVNILNWLRQVSURVD>7KH $XWKRUVWKH7UDQVODWRUVDQGWKH/DQJXDJH7\SHVRI7H[WDQG6WUXFWXUHRI/DQJXDJHLQ0RGHUQ6ZHGLVK3URVH )LFWLRQ@ :RQGHUOH\:LOOLDP/  %LEOH7UDQVODWLRQIRU3RSXODU8VH/RQGRQ8QLWHG%LEOH6RFLHWLHV :RRGVZRUWK-XGLWK  µ7HDFKLQJWKH+LVWRU\RI7UDQVODWLRQ¶LQ'ROOHUXSDQG$SSHO HGV  :RROI/HRQDUG  µ1RWH¶LQ9:RROI :RROI9LUJLQLD  5HYLHZLQJ/RQGRQ7KH+RJDUWK3UHVV :RROQHU$OIUHG&  ,QWURGXFWLRQWR3UDNULW'HOKL0RWLODO%DQDUVLGDVV :UD[DOO/ WUDQV   9LFWRU+XJR¶V/HV0LVpUDEOHV/RQGRQ+XUVWDQG%ODFNHWW :UHQQ&/  7KH,GHDRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH&KLFDJRDQG/RQGRQ0RGHUQ+XPDQLWLHV5HVHDUFK $VVRFLDWLRQ :ULJKW%  µ$QJOR$PHULFDQ$WWLWXGHV¶,Q2WKHU:RUGV± :VWHU(  ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH6SUDFKQRUPXQJLQGHU7HFKQLN%RQQ%RXYLHU :XWHQRZ5  'DVIUHPGH.XQVWZHUN$VSHNWHGHUOLWHUDULVFKHQhEHUVHW]XQJ*|WWLQJHQ9DQGHQKRHFNDQG 5XSUHFKW :\OH1YRQLQ$YRQ.HOOHU HG   7UDQVODWLRQHQYRQ1LFODVYRQ:\OH6WXWWJDUW9HUHLQQR :\OHU/  µ3XEOLF3HUFHSWLRQRI7UDQVODWLRQLQ%UD]LO¶LQ&DWULRQD3LFNHQ HG 7UDQVODWLRQ7KH9LWDO/LQN 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK),7:RUOG&RQJUHVV/RQGRQ,QVWLWXWHRI7UDQVODWLRQDQG,QWHUSUHWLQJ± ;LRQJ7KH,QWURGXFWLRQRI:HVWHUQ/HDUQLQJDQG/DWH4LQJ 6RFLHW\@6KDQJKDL5HQPLQ3XEOLVKLQJ&R 5HQDLVVDQFH@:DUVDZ3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH =XEHU2 HG   7KH/DQJXDJHVRI7KHDWUH3UREOHPVLQWKH7UDQVODWLRQDQG7UDQVSRVLWLRQRI'UDPD2[IRUG 3HUJDPRQ3UHVV =XEHU5  /HVµ%HOOHVLQILGqOHV¶HWODIRUPDWLRQGXJR€WFODVVLTXH3HUURWG¶$EODQFRXUWHW*XH]GH%DO]DF 3DULV&ROLQ

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_637.html11/3/2007 10:32:12 PM

file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_638.html

3DJH =XFN9 HG   $'LFWLRQDU\RI6FDQGLQDYLDQ/LWHUDWXUH1HZ
Book - Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies

Related documents

691 Pages • 43,643 Words • PDF • 6.5 MB

500 Pages • 177,531 Words • PDF • 4.9 MB

1,256 Pages • 543,863 Words • PDF • 7.6 MB

3 Pages • 369 Words • PDF • 17.5 KB

1,059 Pages • 652,515 Words • PDF • 38.1 MB

311 Pages • 120,509 Words • PDF • 2 MB

1,094 Pages • 709,071 Words • PDF • 18.6 MB

13 Pages • 5,221 Words • PDF • 34.3 MB

146 Pages • 51,619 Words • PDF • 6.5 MB

125 Pages • 17 Words • PDF • 33.2 MB

370 Pages • 120,692 Words • PDF • 7.3 MB

62 Pages • PDF • 1.3 MB