Material science and engineering handbook ed by Shackelford 2001

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Shackelford, James F. et al “Frontmatter” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION

©2001 CRC Press LLC

CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION James F. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis

William Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis

CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford, William Alexander.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper) 1. Materials—Handooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander, William, 1950 Feb. 13TA403.4 .C74 2000 620.1′1—dc21

00-048567

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

Structure of Materials Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements

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Table of Contents Structure of Ceramics Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites CHAPTER 2

Composition of Materials Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Composition of Stainless Steels Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys Compositions of Wrought Superalloys Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics CHAPTER 3

Phase Diagram Sources Phase Diagram Sources

CHAPTER 4

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides Melting Points of the Elements Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Melting Points Of Ceramics Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides Entropy of the Elements Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Values of The Error Function Diffusion in Metallic Systems Diffusion of Metals into Metals Diffusion in Semiconductors CHAPTER 5

Thermal Properties of Materials Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C Heat Capacity of Ceramics Specific Heat of Polymers Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4) Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Expansion of Glasses Thermal Expansion of Polymers Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics CHAPTER 6

Mechanical Properties of Materials Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Tensile Strength of Ceramics Tensile Strength of Glass Tensile Strength of Polymers Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Tensile Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Compressive Strength of Ceramics Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Yield Strength of Tool Steels Yield Strength of Ductile Irons Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin Yield Strength of Polymers Yield Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Yield Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers Flexural Strength of Polymers Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Hardness of Ductile Irons Hardness of Tool Steels Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Hardness of Ceramics Microhardness of Glass Hardness of Polymers Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars Impact Energy of Tool Steels Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Impact Strength of Polymers Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Impact Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Young’s Modulus of Ceramics Young’s Modulus of Glass Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Modulus of Elasticity of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Modulus of Elasticity of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Bulk Modulus of Glass Shear Modulus of Glass Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Flexural Modulus of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Rupture Strength of Superalloys Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramics Poisson’s Ratio of Glass Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Compression Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Torsion Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Elongation of Tool Steels Elongation of Ductile Irons Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Elongation of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Total Elongation of Polymers Elongation at Yield for Polymers Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Area Reduction of Tool Steels Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Viscosity of Glasses Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass Surface Tension of Elements at Melting Surface Tension of Liquid Elements CHAPTER 7

Electrical Properties of Materials Electrical Conductivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Resistivity of Ceramics Volume Resistivity of Glass Volume Resistivity of Polymers

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Dissipation Factor for Polymers Dielectric Strength of Polymers Step Dielectric Strength of Polymers Dielectric Constant of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Tangent Loss in Glass Electrical Permittivity of Glass Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 8

Optical Properties of Materials Transmission Range of Optical Materials Transparency of Polymers Refractive Index of Polymers Dispersion of Optical Materials

CHAPTER 9

Chemical Properties of Materials Water Absorption of Polymers Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚ Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas Flammability of Polymers Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics CHAPTER 10

Selecting Structural Properties Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements Selecting Density of the Elements

CHAPTER 11

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties Selecting Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Selecting Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Selecting Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Selecting Specific Heat of Elements Selecting Specific Heat of Polymers Selecting Melting Points of The Elements Selecting Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Entropy of the Elements

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy in Metallic Systems CHAPTER 12

Selecting Thermal Properties Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels at Temperature Selecting Thermal Expansion of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Expansion of Glasses Selecting Thermal Expansion of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits at Temperature

CHAPTER 13

Selecting Mechanical Properties Selecting Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Selecting Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Selecting Tensile Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Tensile Strengths of Aluminum Casting Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Tensile Strengths of Glass Selecting Tensile Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Compressive Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Compressive Strengths of Polymers Selecting Yield Strengths of Tool Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Selecting Yield Strengths of Ductile Irons Selecting Yield Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Yield Strengths of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Flexural Strengths of Polymers Selecting Shear Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Torsional Shear Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Tool Steels Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Ductile Irons Selecting Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Hardness of Ceramics Selecting Microhardness of Glass Selecting Hardness of Polymers Selecting Coefficients of Static Friction for Polymers Selecting Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Selecting Fatigue Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Reversed Bending Fatigue Limits of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Impact Energy of Tool Steels Selecting Impact Strengths of Polymers Selecting Tensile Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Young’s Moduli of Ceramics Selecting Young’s Moduli of Glass Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Selecting Compression Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Selecting Bulk Moduli of Glass

©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Table of Contents Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Flexure of Polymers Selecting Shear Moduli of Glass Selecting Torsional Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Torsional Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Moduli of Rupture for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios of Glass Selecting Compression Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Torsion Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Tool Steels Selecting Elongation of Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Total Elongation of Polymers Selecting Elongation at Yield of Polymers Selecting Area Reduction of Tool Steels CHAPTER 14

Selecting Electrical Properties Selecting Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Resistivity of Ceramics Selecting Volume Resistivity of Glass Selecting Volume Resistivity of Polymers Selecting Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Dielectric Strength of Polymers Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Temperature Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Frequency Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass by Frequency

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Table of Contents Selecting Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 15

Selecting Optical Properties Selecting Transmission Range of Optical Materials Selecting Transparency of Polymers Selecting Refractive Indices of Glasses Selecting Refractive Indices of Polymers

CHAPTER 16

Selecting Chemical Properties Selecting Water Absorption of Polymers Selecting Iron Alloys in 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Iron Alloys in 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Corrosive Environments Selecting Flammability of Polymers

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2.1 Front Matter Page xvii Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Dedication

To Penelope and Scott Li-Li and Cassie

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

Shackelford, James F. et al “Structure of Materials” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

3.0 Structure Page 1 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

CHAPTER 1

Structure of Materials

List of Tables

Subatomic Structure Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Atomic Structure Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Bond Structure Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Crystal Structure Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems

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Structural Properties List of Tables (Continued)

The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements Structure of Ceramics Density Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 3 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 1. ELECTRONIC

At. Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

STRUCTURE OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Sym H He Li Be B C N O F N Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Electronic Configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . . . 1 . . . 2 . . . 2 1 . . . 2 2 . . . 2 3 . . . 2 4 . . . 2 5 . . . 2 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3d 4s

1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4p 4d

1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

4f

5s

5p 5d

5f

6s

6p 6d 7s

1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 5 5 6

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3.1 Structure Page 4 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

At. Element No.

Sym

Electronic Configuration 1s

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Cesium Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Asatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protoactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Ce Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw

2s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2p 3s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3p 3d 4s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4p 4d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4f

5s

2 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5p 5d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5f

6p 6d 7s

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6s

2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 1 1 1 1

1

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 5 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 11) Natural

Element

Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Hydrogen

1

99.985

2

0.015

Helium

3 4

0.00013 ≈100.0

Lithium

6 7

7.42 92.58

Beryllium

9

100.0

Boron

10 11

19.78 80.22

Carbon

12 13

98.89 1.11

Nitrogen

14 15

99.63 0.37

Oxygen

16 17 18

99.76 0.04 0.20

Fluorine

19

100.0

Neon

20 21 22

90.92 0.26 8.82

Sodium

23

100.0

Magnesium

24 25 26

78.70 10.13 11.17

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

5

3.1 Structure Page 6 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 11) Natural

Element

Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Aluminum

27

100.0

Silicon

28 29 30

92.21 4.70 3.09

Phosphorus

31

100.0

Sulfur

32 33 34 36

95.0 0.76 4.22 0.014

Chlorine

35 37

75.53 24.47

Argon

36 38 40

0.34 0.06 99.60

Potassium

39 40a 41

93.1

0.01

Calcium

40 42 43 44 46 48

96.97 0.64 0.14 2.06 0.003 0.18

Scandium

45

100.0

6.9

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 7 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Titanium

46 47 48 49 50

7.93 7.28 73.94 5.51 5.34

Vanadium

50 51

0.24 99.76

Chromium

50 52 53 54

4.31 83.76 9.55 2.38

Manganese

55

100.0

Iron

54 56 57 58

5.82 91.66 2.19 0.33

Cobalt

59

100.0

Nickel

58 60 61 62 64

67.84 26.23 1.19 3.66 1.08

Copper

63 65

69.09 30.91

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

7

3.1 Structure Page 8 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Zinc

64 66 67 68 70

48.89 27.81 4.11 18.57 0.62

Gallium

69 71

60.4 39.6

Germanium

70 72 73 74 76

20.52 27.43 7.76 36.54 7.76

Arsenic

75

100.0

Selenium

74 76 77 78 80 82

0.87 9.02 7.58 23.52 49.82 9.19

Bromine

79 81

50.54 49.46

Krypton

78 80 82 83 84 86

0.35 2.27 11.56 11.55 56.90 17.37

Rubidium

85 87

72.15 27.85

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 9 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 5 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Strontium

84 86 87 88

0.56 9.86 7.02 82.56

Yttrium

89

100.0

Zirconium

90 91 92 94 96

51.46 11.23 17.11 17.40 2.80

Niobium

93

100.0

Molybdenum

92 94 95 96 97 98 100

15.84 9.04 15.72 16.53 9.46 23.78 9.63

Ruthenium

96 98 99 100 101 102 104

5.51 1.87 12.72 12.62 17.07 31.61 18.60

Rhodium

103

100.0

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

9

3.1 Structure Page 10 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 6 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Palladium

102 104 105 106 108 110

0.96 10.97 22.23 27.33 26.71 11.81

Silver

107 109

51.82 48.18

Cadmium

106 108 110 111 112 113 114 116

1.22 0.88 12.39 12.75 24.07 12.26 28.86 7.58

Indium

113 115

4.28 95.72

Tin

112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124

0.96 0.66 0.35 14.30 7.61 24.03 8.58 32.85 4.72 5.94

Antimony

121 123

57.25 42.75

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 11 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 7 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Tellurium

120 122 123 124 125 126 128 130

0.09 2.46 0.87 4.61 6.99 18.71 31.79 34.48

Iodine

127

100.0

Xenon

124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

0.096 0.090 1.92 26.44 4.08 21.18 26.89 10.44 8.87

Cesium

133

100.0

Barium

130 132 134 135 136 137 138

0.101 0.097 2.42 6.59 7.81 11.30 71.66

Lanthanum

138 139

0.09 99.91

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

11

3.1 Structure Page 12 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 8 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

136 138 140 142d

0.193 0.250 88.48

11.07

141

100.0

Neodymium

142 143 144 146 148 150

27.11 12.17 23.85 17.22 5.73 5.62

Samarium

144 147e 148f 149g 150 152 154

Element Cerium

Praseodymium

3.09

14.97 11.24 13.83 7.44 26.72 22.71

Europium

151 153

47.82 52.18

Gadolinium

152h 154 155 156 157 158 160

0.20 2.15 14.73 20.47 15.68 24.87 21.90

159

100.0

Terbium

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 13 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 9 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

156i 158 160 161 162 163 164

0.052

Holmium

165 186

100.0 28.41

Erbium

162 164 166 167 168 170 186

0.136 1.56 33.41 22.94 27.07 14.88 1.59

Thulium

169 189

100.0 16.1

Ytterbium

168 170 171 172 173 174 176

0.135 3.03 14.31 21.82 16.13 31.84 12.73

Lutetium

175 176j

97.40

Element

Dysprosium

0.090 2.29 18.88 25.53 24.97 28.18

2.60

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

13

3.1 Structure Page 14 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 10 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

174k 176 177 178 179 180

0.18 5.20 18.50 27.14 13.75 35.24

Tantalum

180 181

0.012 99.988

Tungsten

180 182 183 184

0.14 26.41 14.40 30.64

Rhenium

185 187

37.07 62.93

Osmium

184 187 188 190 192

0.018 1.64 13.3 26.4 41.0

Iridium

191 193

37.3 62.7

Platinum

190m 192 194 195 196 198

0.013

197

100.0

Element

Haffiium

Gold

0.78 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

3.1 Structure Page 15 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 2. AVAILABLE

STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 11 OF 11) Natural Mass No.

Abundance (%)

Mercury

196 198 199 200 201 202 204

0.146 10.02 16.84 23.13 13.22 29.80 6.85

Thallium

203 205

29.50 70.50

Lead

204 206 207 208

1.48 23.6 22.6 52.3

Bismuth

209

100.0

Thorium

232n†

100.0

Uranium

234o† 235p† 238q†

0.0006 0.72 99.27

Element

Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.

a b c d e f g h

i

half-life = 1.3 x 109 y. half-life > 1015 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 1.06 x 1011 y half-life = 1.2 x 1013 y half-life = 1.2 x 1014 y half-life = 1.1 x 1014 y half-life = 2 x 1014 y

j

half-life = 2.2 x 1010 y k half-life = 4.3 x 1015 y l half-life = 4 x 1010 y m half-life = 6 x 1011 y n half-life = 1.4 x 1010 y o half-life = 2.5 x 105 y p half-life = 7.1 x 108 y q half-life = 4.5 x 109 y † naturally occurring.

©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander

15

3.2 Structure L Page 16 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

1 IA

2

3

4

5

Table 3. PERIODIC

TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

6

9

7

8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18 VIIA

1 H

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

2 He

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

10 Ne

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

17 Cl

18 Ar

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

35 Br

36 Kr

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

53 I

54 Xe

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

84 Po

85 At

86 Rn

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw

©2001 CRC Press LLC

3.2 Structure L Page 17 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 4. PERIODIC 1 IA

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN METALLIC MATERIALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw

©2001 CRC Press LLC

18 VIIA

3.2 Structure L Page 18 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 5. PERIODIC 1 IA

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

11 Na

12 Mg

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

55 Cs

56 Ba

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

87 Fr

88 Ra

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No

103 Lw

©2001 CRC Press LLC

18 VIIA

3.2 Structure L Page 19 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

1 IA 1 H

2

3

Table 6. PERIODIC

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN POLYMERIC MATERIALS

4

7

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

IIIB

©2001 CRC Press LLC

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

14 Si

18 VIIA

3.2 Structure L Page 20 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 7. PERIODIC 1 IA

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

8 O IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

80 Hg

©2001 CRC Press LLC

18 VIIA

3.2 Structure L Page 21 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 8. PERIODIC 1 IA

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 7

8

9

10

11

12

IIA

13

14

15

16

17

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

50 Sn

51 Sb

4 Be IIIB

IVB

VB

22 Ti

23 V

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

57 La 90 Th

©2001 CRC Press LLC

91 Pa

VIB

VIIB

-----

VIII

77 Ir

-----

IB

IIB

13 Al

30 Zn

31 Ga

48 Cd

49 In

80 Hg

82 Pb

18 VIIA

3.3 Structure Page 22 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Structural Properties

Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 1 OF 5)

ELEMENTS

Atomic Number

Symbol

Atomic Radius (nm)

Ion

Ionic Radius (nm)

1 2 3 4

H He Li Be

0.046 – 0.152 0.114

H– – Li+ Be2+

0.154 – 0.078 0.054

5 6 7 8

B C N O

0.097 0.077 0.071 0.060

B3+ C4+ N5+ 02–

0.02 1770 789

Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.

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237

6.3 Thermodynamics Page 238 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 10 OF 11) Compound

CERAMICS

(K)

UC UCl4

2863 843

UF4 UI4

1233

UN UO2

3123 3151 1970

779

USi2 US2

>1375

VB2 VC VCl4

2373 3600 245

VF3

>1075

FI2 VN V2O5

1048 2593 947

VSi2

2023

V2S3

>875 3133 2900 548

WB WC WCl6 WO3 WSi2 WS2

1744

ZnBr2

667

ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 ZnO

2320 1523

548 1145 719 2248

Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.

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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 239 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 11 OF 11) Compound ZnSO4 ZrB2 ZrBr2 ZrC ZrCl2 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrN ZrO2 Zr(SO4)2 ZrS2

CERAMICS

(K)

873 3313 >625 3533 623 873 772 3250 3123 683 1823

Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.

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239

6.3 Thermodynamics Page 240 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 1 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Actinium227 Aluminum Aluminum bromide

Ac

1050±50

(11.0)

Al

658.5

94.5

2550

Al2Br6

Aluminum chloride

Al2Cl6

87.4 192.4

10.1 63.6

5420 19600

Aluminum iodide

Al2I6

Aluminum oxide Antimony Antimony pentachloride

Al2O3 Sb SbCl5

190.9 2045.0

9.8 (256.0)

7960 (26000)

630

39.1

4770

4.0

8.0

2400

Antimony tribromide Antimony trichloride Antimony trioxide

SbBr3 SbCl3 Sb4O6

Antimony trisulfide

Sb4S6

96.8 73.3 655.0 546.0

9.7 13.3 (46.3) 33.0

3510 3030 (26990) 11200

Argon Arsenic Arsenic pentafluoride Arsenic tribromide

Ar As AsF5 AsBr3

190.2 816.8

7.25 (22.0)

290 (6620)

80.8 30.0

16.5 8.9

2800 2810

Arsenic trichloride Arsenic trifluoride Arsenic trioxide Barium

AsCl3 AsF3

–16.0 –6.0 312.8

13.3 18.9 22.2

2420 2486 8000

725

13.3

1830

As4O6 Ba

cal/g

cal/g mole

(3400)

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 241 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 2 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide

BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2

846.8 959.8 1286.8 710.8

21.9 25.9 17.1 (17.3)

6000 5370 3000 (6800)

Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium phosphate Barium sulfate

Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4

(5900)

Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium oxide

Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeO

Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth trioxide

Bi BiCl3 BiF3

Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride

cal/g

cal/g mole

594.8

(22.6)

1922.8

93.2

13800

1727 1350

30.9 41.6

18600 9700

1278

260.0

–

487.8

(26.6)

(4500)

404.8 2550.0

(30) 679.7

(3000) 17000

271

12.0

2505

Bi2O3

223.8 726.0 815.8

8.2 (23.3) 14.6

2600 (6200) 6800

B BBr3 BCl3 BF3

2300

(490)

(5300)

–48.8 –107.8 –128.0

(2.9) (4.3) 7.0

(700) (500) 480

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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241

6.3 Thermodynamics Page 242 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 3 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Boron trioxide Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium

B2O3 Br2 BrF5 Cd

448.8 –7.2 –61.4

78.9 16.1 7.07

5500 2580 1355

320.8

12.9

1460

Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide

CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2

567.8 567.8 1110 386.8

(18.4) 28.8 (35.9) 10.0

(5000) 5300 (5400) 3660

Cadmium sulfate Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate

CdSO4 Ca CaBr2 CaCO3

1000

22.9

4790

851

55.7

2230

729.8 1282

20.9 (126)

4180 (12700)

Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium metasilicate Calcium nitrate

CaCl2 CaF2 CaSiO3 Ca(NO3)2

782 1382 1512 560.8

55 52.5 115.4 31.2

6100 4100 13400 5120

Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide

CaO CaSO4 CO2 CO

2707

(218.1)

(12240)

1297 –57.6

49.2 43.2

6700 1900

–205

7.13

199.7

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 4 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cerium Cesium

C2N2 CNCl Ce Cs

Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chlorine Chromium

CsCl CsNO3 Cl2 Cr

Chromium (II) chloride Chromium (III) sequioxide Chromium trioxide Cobalt

CrCl2 Cr2O3 CrO3 Co

Cobalt (II) chloride Copper Copper (II) chloride Copper (I) chloride

CoCl2 Cu CuCl2 CuCl

Copper(l) cyanide Copper (I) iodide Copper (II) oxide Copper (I) oxide

Cu2(CN)2 CuI CuO Cu2O

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

–27.2

39.6

2060

–5.2 775 28.3

36.4 27.2 3.7

2240 2120 500

38.5

21.4

3600

406.8 –103±5

16.6 22.8

3250 1531

1890

62.1

3660

814 2279 197

65.9 27.6 37.7

7700 4200 3770

1490

62.1

3640

7390

727

56.9

1083

49.0

3110

430

24.7

4890

429

26.4

2620

473

(30.1)

(5400)

587 1446

(13.6) 35.4

(2600) 2820

1230

(93.6)

(l3400)

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 5 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Copper (I) sulfide Dysprosium Erbium Europium

Cu2S Dy Er Eu

1129

62.3

5500

1407 1496 826

25.2 24.5 16.4

4100 4100 2500

Europium trichloride Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium

EuCl3 F2 Gd Ga

622 –219.6

(20.9) 6.4

(8000) 244.0

1312 29

23.8 19.1

3700 1336

Germanium Gold Hafnium Holmium

Ge Au Hf Ho

959 1063 2214 1461

(114.3) (15.3) (34.1) 24.8

(8300) 3030 (6000) 4100

Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride

H2 HBr HCl HF

–259.25

13.8

28

–86.96 –114.3 83.11

7.1 13.0 54.7

575.1 476.0 1094

Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen nitrate

HI HNO3

–50.91

5.4

686.3

Hydrogen oxide (water)

H2O

Deuterium oxide

D2O

–47.2 0 3.78

9.5 79.72 75.8

601 1436 1516

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 6 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Hydrogen peroxide

H2O2

Hydrogen selenate

H2SeO4

Hydrogen sulfate

H2SO4

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen sulfide, di–

H2S2

Hydrogen telluride Indium lodine

H2Te In I2

lodine chloride (α) lodine chloride (β) Iron Iron carbide Iron (III) chloride Iron (II) chloride Iron (II) oxide Iron oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Iron (II) sulfide Lanthanum Lead

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

–0.7 57.8 10.4 –85.6

8.58 23.8 24.0 16.8

2920 3450 2360 5683

–89.7 –49.0

27.3 12.9

1805 1670

156.3

6.8

781

112.9

14.3

3650

ICl ICl

17.1 13.8

16.4 13.3

2660 2270

Fe Fe3C

1530.0

63.7

3560

1226.8

68.6

12330

Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 FeO Fe3O4

303.8 677

63.2 61.5

20500 7800

1380

(107.2)

(7700)

1596

142.5

33000

Fe(CO)5 FeS La Pb

–21.2

16.5

3250

1195 920 327.3

56.9 17.4 5.9

5000 2400 1224

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 7 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Leadbromide Lead chloride Lead fluoride Lead iodide

PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2

487.8 497 8 823 412

11 7 20.3 7.6 17.9

4290 5650 1860 5970

Lead molybdate Lead oxide Lead sulfate Lead sulfide

PbMoO4 PbO PbSO4 PbS

1065

70.8

(25800)

890

12.6

2820

1087

31.6

9600

1114

17.3

4150

Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride

Li LiBr LiCl LiF

178.8 552 614 896

158.5 33 4 75.5 (91.1)

1100 2900 3200 (2360)

Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium metasilicate

LiOH LiI Li2SiO3

462 440

103.3 (10.6)

2480 (1420)

Lithium molybdate

Li2MoO4

1177 705

80.2 24.1

7210 4200

Lithium nitrate Lithium orthosilicate

LiNO3 Li4SiO4

Lithium sulfate

Li2SO4

Lithium tungstate

Li2WO4

250 1249 857 742

87.8 60.5 27.6 (25.6)

6060 7430 3040 (6700)

cal/g

cal/g mole

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 8 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Compound

Formula

Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride

Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2

1651 650

26.3 88.9

4600 2160

711 712

45.0 82.9

8300 8100

Magnesium fluoride Magnesium oxide Magnesium silicate Magnesium sulfate

MgF2 MgO MgSiO3 MgSO4

1221

94.7

5900

2642

459.0

18500

1524 1327

146.4 28.9

14700 3500

Manganese Manganese dichloride Manganese metasilicate Manganese (II) oxide

Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnO

1220

62.7

3450

650 1274

58.4 (62.6)

7340 (8200)

1784

183.3

13000

Manganese oxide Mercury Mercury bromide Mercury chloride

Mn3O4 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2

1590

(170.4)

(39000)

–39

2.7

557.2

241 276.8

10.9 15.3

3960 4150

Mercury iodide Mercury sulfate Molybdenum Molybdenum dichloride

HgI2 HgSO4 Mo MoCl2

250 850

9.9 (4.8)

4500 (1440)

2622

(68.4)

(6600)

726.8

3.58

6000

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 9 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Molybdenum hexafluoride Molybdenum trioxide Neodymium Neon

MoF6 MoO3 Nd Ne

Nickel Nickel chloride

Ni NiCl2

Nickel subsulfide Niobium

Ni3S2 Nb

Niobium pentachloride

NbCl5

Niobium pentoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen

Nb2O5 NO N2

Nitrogen tetroxide

N2O4

Nitrous oxide Osmium Osmium tetroxide (white)

N 2O Os OsO4

Osmium tetroxide (yellow) Oxygen Palladium Phosphoric acid

OsO4 O2 Pd H3PO4

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

17 795

11.9 (17.3)

2500 (2500)

1020 – 248.6

11.8 3.83

1700 77.4

1452

71.5

4200

1030 790

142 5 25.8 1

18470 5800

2496

(68.9)

(6500)

21.1 1511

30 8 91.0

8400 24200

–163.7

18.3

549.5

–210

6.15

172.3

–13.2 –90.9

60.2 35.5

5540 1563

2700

(36.7)

(7000)

41.8

9.2

2340

55.8 –218.8

15.5 3.3

4060 106.3

1555

38.6

4120

42.3

25.8

2520

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 10 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Phosphoric acid. hypo–

H4P2O6

Phosphorus acid, hypo–

H3PO2

Phosphorus acid, ortho– Phosphorus oxychloride

H3PO3 POCl3

Phosphorus pentoxide

P4O10

Phosphorus trioxide Phosphorus, yellow Platinum

P4O6 P4 Pt

Potassium Potassium borate, meta– Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate

K KBO2 KBr K2CO3

Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate

KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7

Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate

KF KOH Kl KNO3

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

54.8 17.3 73.8 1.0

51.2 35.0 37.4 20.3

8300 2310 3070 3110

569.0 23.7 44.1

60.1 15.3 4.8

17080 3360 600

1770

24.1

4700

63.4

14.6

574

947

(69.1)

(5660)

742

42.0

5000

897

56.4

7800

770

85.9

6410

984

35.6

6920

623

(53.7)

(3500)

398

29.8

8770

875 360 682

111.9 (35.3) 24.7

6500 (1980) 4100

338

78.1

2840

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 11 OF 16)

Compound

cal/g

cal/g mole

490 1340 1092 1074

55.3 41.9 42.4 46.4

6100 8900 14000 8100

179 931 3167±60

23.1 19.0 (42.4)

2250 2700 (7900)

296

30.1

15340

Formula

Potassium peroxide

K2O2

Potassium phosphate

K3PO4

Potassium pyro– phosphate

K4P2O7

Potassium sulfate

K2SO4

Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium Rhenium Rhenium heptoxide

KSCN Pr Re Re2O7

Rhenium hexafluoride Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride

ReF6 Rb RbBr RbCl

Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Samarium

RbF Rbl RbNO3 Sm

Scandium Selenium Seleniumoxychloride

Sc Se SeOCl3

Silane, hexaHuoro–

Si2F6

Heat of fusion

Melting point ˚C

19.0

16.6

5000

38 .9 677 717

6. 1 22.4 36.4

525 3700 4400

833 638

39.5 14.0

4130 2990

305

9.1

1340

1072

17.3

2600

1538 217

84.4 15.4

3800 1220

9.8 –28.6

6.1 22.9

1010 3900

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 12 OF 16)

Compound

Heat of fusion

Formula

Melting point ˚C

cal/g

cal/g mole

Silicon Silicon dioxide (Cristobalite) Silicon tetrachloride Silver

Si

1427

337.0

9470

SiO2

1723

35.0

2100

SiCl4 Ag

–67.7

10.8

1845

961

25.0

2700

Silver bromide Silver chloride Silver cyanide Silver iodide

AgBr AgCl AgCN AgI

430 455 350 557

11.6 22.0 20.5 9.5

2180 3155 2750 2250

Silver nitrate

AgNO3

209 657 841

16.2 (13.7) 13.5

2755 (4280) 3360

97.8

27.4

630

8660

Silver sulfate

Ag2SO4

Silver sulfide Sodium

Ag2S Na

Sodium borate, meta– Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate

966

134.6

747

59.7

6140

Sodium chlorate

NaBO2 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3

854 255

66.0 49.7

7000 5290

Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoride Sodium hydroxide

NaCl NaCN NaF NaOH

800 562 992 322

123.5 (88.9) 166.7 50.0

7220 (4360) 7000 2000

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 13 OF 16)

Compound

Formula

Sodium iodide Sodium molybdate Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide

NaI Na2MoO4 NaNO3

Sodium phosphate, meta– Sodium pyrophosphate

NaPO3 Na4P2O7

Sodiumsilicate,aluminum–

NaAlSi3O8

Sodium silicate, di–

Na2Si2O5

Sodium silicate, meta–

Na2SiO3

Na2O2

Melting point ˚C

Heat of fusion cal/g

cal/g mole

662

35.1

5340

687 310 460

17.5 44.2 75.1

3600 3760 5860

988 970 1107 884

(48.6) (51.5) 50.1 46.4

(4960) (13700) 13150 8460

1087 884 920

84.4 41.0 15.4

10300 5830 (1200)

323

54.8

4450

5800

Sodium sulfate

Na2SO4

Sodium sulfide Sodium thiocyanate

Na2S NaSCN

Sodium tungstate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride

Na2WO4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2

702

19.6

757

25.0

2190

643 872

19.3 26.5

4780 4100

Strontium fluoride Strontium oxide Sulfur (monatomic) Sulfur dioxide

SrF2 SrO S SO2

1400

34.0

4260

2430 119

161.2 9.2

16700 295

–73.2

32.2

2060

For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Table 73. HEAT OF

FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 14 OF 16) Heat of fusion

Compound

Formula

Melting point ˚C

Sulfur trioxide (α)

SO3 SO3 SO3

16.8 32.3 62.1

25.8 36.1 79.0

2060 2890 6310

Ta

2996 ± 50

34.6–41.5

(7500)

TaCl5

206.8 1877

25.1 108.6

9000 48000

453 1356

25.3 24.6

3230 3900

302.4 460

5.0 21.0

1030 5990

273

9.5

4400

427

17.7

4260

Sulfur trioxide (β) Sulfur trioxide (γ) Tantalum Tantalum pentachloride Tantalum pentoxide Tellurium Terbium

Ta2O5 Te Tb

Thallium Thallium bromide, mono– Thallium carbonate Thallium chloride, mono–

Tl TlBr Tl2CO3 TICl

Thallium iodide, mono– Thallium nitrate

TlI TINO3

Thallium sulfate

Tl2SO4

Thallium sulfide

Tl2S

Thorium Thorium chloride Thorium dioxide Thulium

Th ThCl4 ThO2 Tm

cal/g

cal/g mole

440

9.4

3125

207 632 449

8.6 10.9 6.8

2290 5500 3000

1845

(1030 940–1030 1013

Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC) (80% dense)

8x106

(80% dense)

10x106

(80% dense)

15x106

(80% dense)

20x106

(80% dense)

25x106

Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)

0.3–0.8

4.2K 80K 160K 240K 300K

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986–1991).

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Electrical Properties

Table 291. RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 3 OF 6) Class Carbides (Con’t)

Ceramic

Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)

CERAMICS Resistivity (Ω–cm)

Temperature Range of Validity

41x106

4.2K

45x106

137x106

80K 160K 240K 300K 773K 1273K

2x1011–1013

room temp.

1.7x1013

25˚C 480˚C 1000˚C 25˚C 25˚C 25˚C

47x106 53x106 61–64x106 97x106

Nitrides

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Boron Nitride (BN)

2.3x1010 3.1x104 (20% humidity)

1.0x1012

(50% humidity)

7.0x1010

(90% humidity)

5.0x109

Titanium Mononitirde (TiN)

11.07–130x106 340x106 8.13x106

Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)

>1013

Zirconium Mononitride (TiN)

11.52–160x106 320x106 3.97x106

room temp. melting temp. liquid air

room temp. melting temp. liquid air

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986–1991).

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Electrical Properties

Table 291. RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 4 OF 6) Class

Oxides

Ceramic

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)

CERAMICS Resistivity (Ω–cm)

Temperature Range of Validity

>10x1014

25˚C 100˚C 300˚C 500˚C 700˚C 1000˚C

2x1013 1x1013 6.3x1010 5.0x108 2x106 Beryllium Oxide (BeO)

>1017 >1015 1–5x1015 1.5–2x1015 4–7x1015

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

1.3x1015 4x102

27˚C 1000˚C 1727˚C

1018

room temp.

2300 77 9.4 1.6 0.59 0.37

700˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C 1700˚C 2000˚C 2200˚C

0.2–1x108

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

25˚C 300˚C 500˚C 700˚C 1000˚C

Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (stabilized) (stabilized) (stabilized) (stabilized) (stabilized) (stabilized)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986–1991).

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Electrical Properties

Table 291. RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 5 OF 6) Class Oxides (Con’t)

Ceramic

CERAMICS Resistivity (Ω–cm)

Temperature Range of Validity

1x1014 2.5x1011 3.3x107 7.7x105 8.0x104 1.9x104

25˚C 100˚C 300˚C 500˚C 700˚C 900˚C

>1x1014 3.0x1013 2.0x1010 9.0x107 3.0x106 3.5x105

25˚C 100˚C 300˚C 500˚C 700˚C 900˚C

1.0x1014 1.0x1013 3.0x109 4.9x107 4.7x106 7.0x105

25˚C 100˚C 300˚C 500˚C 700˚C 900˚C

>1014

25˚C 300˚C 500˚C

Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3) Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2)

1010 108

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986–1991).

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Electrical Properties

Table 291. RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 6 OF 6) Class

Silicides

Ceramic

Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)

CERAMICS Resistivity (Ω–cm)

Temperature Range of Validity

21.5x106

22˚C –80˚C 1600˚C

18.9x106 75–80x106 Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2)

33.4–54.9x106

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986–1991).

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 1 OF 13) Glass

Description

SiO2 glass

GLASS

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

11.0–13.6 log Ω cm

250˚C

3.16x108 – 6.3x1010 Ω 7Ω

cm

cm

500˚C

1.0x107 Ω cm

600˚C

6.3x10

6Ω

cm cm 1.6x10 8.0x105 Ω cm

700˚C

6Ω

800˚C

4.6x105 Ω cm

1000˚C

3.6x10

5Ω

1100˚C

1.4x105 Ω cm

1300˚C

5Ω

2.0x10

5Ω

1200˚C

cm cm

1400˚C

4.6x104 Ω cm

1500˚C

1.0x10

4Ω

7.9x10

4Ω

1500˚C

1.0x10

cm cm

1600˚C

(0.5 atm Ar pressure) (0.5 atm Ar pressure)

3.0x103 Ω cm

1800˚C

(0.5 atm Ar pressure)

2.5x10

4Ω

1700˚C

3Ω

2000˚C

(0.5 atm Ar pressure)

cm cm 5.0x10 2 Ω cm 2.0x10

1900˚C

2Ω

(5% mol Na2O)

10.45–11.71 log Ω cm

150˚C

(5% mol Na2O)

7.63 log Ω cm

250˚C

(5% mol Na2O)

7.33–8.25 log Ω cm

300˚C

(5% mol Na2O)

6.37 log Ω cm

350˚C

(0.5 atm Ar pressure) (0.5 atm Ar pressure)

SiO2–Na2O glass

900˚C

cm cm

2.9x10

(0.5 atm Ar pressure)

400˚C

1.0x10

2100˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 2 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(7.5% mol Na2O)

7.59 log Ω cm

150˚C

(7.5% mol Na2O)

5.30 log Ω cm

300˚C

(7.8% mol Na2O)

7.8x109 Ω cm

100˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

7.35 log Ω cm

150˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

6.14 log Ω cm

250˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

5.18 log Ω cm

300˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

4.96 log Ω cm

350˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

1.03 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

0.92 log Ω cm

1600˚C

(13% mol Na2O)

6.90–6.96 log Ω cm

150˚C

(13% mol Na2O)

4.77–4.79 log Ω cm

300˚C

(15% mol Na2O)

5.44 log Ω cm

250˚C

(15% mol Na2O)

4.32 log Ω cm

350˚C

(15% mol Na2O)

0.61 log Ω cm

1400˚C

(15% mol Na2O)

0.56 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(15.1% mol Na2O)

1.4x108 Ω cm

100˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

1.68 log Ω cm

600˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

1.34 log Ω cm

700˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.96 log Ω cm

800˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.76 log Ω cm

900˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.61 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.48 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.38 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(19.9% mol Na2O)

0.30 log Ω cm

1300˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 3 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(20% mol Na2O)

6.45–6.80 log Ω cm

150˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

4.85 log Ω cm

250˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

4.36–4.64 log Ω cm

300˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

3.80 log Ω cm

350˚C

(24.8% mol Na2O)

0.52 log Ω cm

900˚C

(24.8% mol Na2O)

0.38 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(24.8% mol Na2O)

0.26 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(24.8% mol Na2O)

0.17 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(25% mol Na2O)

6.05 log Ω cm

150˚C

(25% mol Na2O)

4.50 log Ω cm

250˚C

(25% mol Na2O)

4.03 log Ω cm

300˚C

(25% mol Na2O)

3.52 log Ω cm

350˚C

(27% mol Na2O)

5.87 log Ω cm

150˚C

(27% mol Na2O)

3.94 log Ω cm

300˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

1.31 log Ω cm

550˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

1.16 log Ω cm

600˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

0.78 log Ω cm

700˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

0.52 log Ω cm

800˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

0.34 log Ω cm

900˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

0.20 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

0.08 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

–0.02 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

–0.10 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(29.7% mol Na2O)

–0.16 log Ω cm

1400˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 4 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(30% mol Na2O)

5.48–5.75 log Ω cm

150˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

4.42 log Ω cm

250˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

3.64–3.78 log Ω cm

300˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

3.46 log Ω cm

350˚C

(30.2% mol Na2O)

3.8x106 Ω cm

100˚C

(33.3% mol Na2O)

5.06 log Ω cm

150˚C

(33.3% mol Na2O)

3.34 log Ω cm

300˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

0.12 log Ω cm

900˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

0.00 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

–0.11 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

–0.20 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

–0.27 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(34.7% mol Na2O)

–0.33 log Ω cm

1400˚C

(35% mol Na2O)

3.85 log Ω cm

250˚C

(35% mol Na2O)

2.92 log Ω cm

350˚C

(36% mol Na2O)

4.89 log Ω cm

150˚C

(36% mol Na2O)

3.22 log Ω cm

300˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

0.91 log Ω cm

550˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

0.67 log Ω cm

600˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

0.33 log Ω cm

700˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

0.13 log Ω cm

800˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 5 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(39.5% mol Na2O)

0.00 log Ω cm

900˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

–0.13 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

–0.24 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

–0.32 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

–0.39 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(39.5% mol Na2O)

–0.45 log Ω cm

1400˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

4.58 log Ω cm

150˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

3.59 log Ω cm

250˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

2.97 log Ω cm

300˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

2.66 log Ω cm

350˚C

(44.2% mol Na2O)

1.4x105 Ω cm

100˚C

(44.5% mol Na2O)

–0.38 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(44.5% mol Na2O)

–0.46 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(44.5% mol Na2O)

–0.52 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(45% mol Na2O)

4.33 log Ω cm

150˚C

(45% mol Na2O)

3.30 log Ω cm

250˚C

(45% mol Na2O)

2.69 log Ω cm

300˚C

(45% mol Na2O)

2.35 log Ω cm

350˚C

(48% mol Na2O)

4.09 log Ω cm

150˚C

(48% mol Na2O)

2.58 log Ω cm

300˚C

(49.3% mol Na2O)

–0.47 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(49.3% mol Na2O)

–0.56 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(49.3% mol Na2O)

–0.61 log Ω cm

1300˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 6 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(57.5% mol Na2O)

–0.52 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(57.5% mol Na2O)

–0.61 log Ω cm

1200˚C

(57.5% mol Na2O)

–0.67 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(30% mol PbO) (30% mol PbO)

12.94 log Ω cm 10.44 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C

(33.8% mol PbO) (33.8% mol PbO)

16.14 log Ω cm 13.68 log Ω cm

66˚C 135˚C

(35% mol PbO) (35% mol PbO)

12.10 log Ω cm 9.89 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C

(38.5% mol PbO) (38.5% mol PbO) (38.5% mol PbO) (38.5% mol PbO)

4.40 log Ω cm 3.20 log Ω cm 2.47 log Ω cm 1.94 log Ω cm

700˚C 800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C

(38.5% mol PbO) (38.5% mol PbO) (38.5% mol PbO)

1.56 log Ω cm 1.26 log Ω cm 1.04 log Ω cm

1100˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C

(40% mol PbO) (40% mol PbO) (40.2% mol PbO) (40.2% mol PbO)

11.54 log Ω cm 9.48 log Ω cm 14.85 log Ω cm 11.70 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C 78˚C 175˚C

(44.7% mol PbO) (44.7% mol PbO) (44.7% mol PbO)

2.38 log Ω cm 1.82 log Ω cm 1.40 log Ω cm

800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C

(44.7% mol PbO) (44.7% mol PbO) (44.7% mol PbO)

1.15 log Ω cm 0.98 log Ω cm 0.82 log Ω cm

1100˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C

SiO2–PbO glass

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 7 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–PbO glass (Con’t)

(47.3% mol PbO)

14.48 log Ω cm

79˚C

(47.3% mol PbO)

11.74 log Ω cm

149˚C

(50% mol PbO) (50% mol PbO) (50.0% mol PbO) (50.0% mol PbO)

10.69 log Ω cm 8.80–9.2 log Ω cm 1.90 log Ω cm 1.36 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C 800˚C 900˚C

(50.0% mol PbO) (50.0% mol PbO) (50.0% mol PbO)

1.02 log Ω cm 0.80 log Ω cm 0.60 log Ω cm

1000˚C 1100˚C 1200˚C

(51.4% mol PbO) (51.4% mol PbO)

14.52 log Ω cm 11.59 log Ω cm

65˚C 139˚C

(51.6% mol PbO) (51.6% mol PbO) (51.6% mol PbO)

1.62 log Ω cm 1.20 log Ω cm 0.92 log Ω cm

800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C

(51.6% mol PbO) (51.6% mol PbO)

0.70 log Ω cm 0.54 log Ω cm

1100˚C 1200˚C

(57.1% mol PbO) (57.1% mol PbO)

13.70 log Ω cm 10.14 log Ω cm

77˚C 172˚C

(60% mol PbO) (60% mol PbO) (60% mol PbO) (60% mol PbO)

10.04 log Ω cm 8.11 log Ω cm 1.72 log Ω cm 1.74 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C 650˚C 700˚C

(60% mol PbO) (60% mol PbO) (60% mol PbO)

1.07 log Ω cm 0.76 log Ω cm 0.40 log Ω cm

800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 8 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–PbO glass (Con’t)

(63.2% mol PbO)

14.29 log Ω cm

57˚C

(63.2% mol PbO)

10.34 log Ω cm

159˚C

(65% mol PbO) (65% mol PbO)

9.76 log Ω cm 7.81 log Ω cm

200˚C 300˚C

(66.7% mol PbO) (66.7% mol PbO) (66.7% mol PbO) (66.7% mol PbO)

1.32 log Ω cm 0.82 log Ω cm 0.50 log Ω cm 0.26 log Ω cm

700˚C 800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C

(33.6% mol CaO) (33.6% mol CaO) (33.6% mol CaO)

0.97 log Ω cm 0.93–0.94 log Ω cm 0.79–0.80 log Ω cm

1500˚C 1560˚C 1600˚C

(41.3% mol CaO) (41.3% mol CaO) (41.3% mol CaO)

0.82 log Ω cm 0.76 log Ω cm 0.67–0.68 log Ω cm

1519˚C 1550˚C 1600˚C

(45.4% mol CaO) (45.4% mol CaO) (45.4% mol CaO)

0.65 log Ω cm 0.58–0.59 log Ω cm 0.52 log Ω cm

1550˚C 1585˚C 1622˚C

(50% mol CaO) (50% mol CaO)

12.2 log Ω cm 8.70 log Ω cm

300˚C 400˚C

(51.4% mol CaO) (51.4% mol CaO) (51.4% mol CaO)

0.48–0.49 log Ω cm 0.47 log Ω cm 0.38 log Ω cm

1500˚C 1560˚C 1618˚C

(55.2% mol CaO) (55.2% mol CaO) (55.2% mol CaO)

0.51–0.53 log Ω cm 0.42–0.43 log Ω cm 0.34 log Ω cm

1499˚C 1550˚C 1600˚C

SiO2–CaO glass

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 9 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–B2O3 glass

(2.74% wt B2O3)

5.30 log Ω cm

900˚C

(2.74% wt B2O3)

4.72 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(2.74% wt B2O3)

4.40 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(2.74% wt B2O3)

4.02 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(2.74% wt B2O3)

3.76 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(2.74% wt B2O3)

3.56 log Ω cm

1900˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

5.64 log Ω cm

900˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

5.16 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

4.56 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

4.30 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

4.10 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(5.48% wt B2O3)

3.94 log Ω cm

1900˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

5.74 log Ω cm

900˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

5.08 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

4.69 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

4.40 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

4.16 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(10.75% wt B2O3)

3.98 log Ω cm

1900˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

5.65 log Ω cm

900˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

4.82 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

4.48 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

4.22 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

4.00 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(19.37% wt B2O3)

3.84 log Ω cm

1900˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 10 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

SiO2–Al2O3 glass

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

5.74 log Ω cm

700˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

4.82 log Ω cm

900˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

4.29 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

3.94 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

3.67 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

3.46 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(2.83% wt Al2O3)

3.28 log Ω cm

1900˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

5.34 log Ω cm

700˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

4.65 log Ω cm

900˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

4.15 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

3.76 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

3.56 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

3.36 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(5.51% wt Al2O3)

3.20 log Ω cm

1900˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

5.38 log Ω cm

700˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

4.54 log Ω cm

900˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

4.02 log Ω cm

1100˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

3.74 log Ω cm

1300˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

3.52 log Ω cm

1500˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

3.34 log Ω cm

1700˚C

(10.86% wt Al2O3)

3.20 log Ω cm

1900˚C

7.6 log Ω cm 7.3 log Ω cm 6.9 log Ω cm

560˚C 600˚C 640˚C

B2O3 glass

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 11 OF 13) Glass

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

6.6 log Ω cm

680˚C

6.2 log Ω cm 5.8 log Ω cm 5.5 log Ω cm

730˚C 780˚C 840˚C

(3.63% mol Na2O)

2.70 log Ω cm

800˚C

(3.63% mol Na2O)

2.30 log Ω cm

900˚C

(3.63% mol Na2O)

2.00 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

14.20 log Ω cm

40˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

13.21 log Ω cm

60˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

12.40 log Ω cm

80˚C

(10% mol Na2O)

11.61 log Ω cm

100˚C

(12.1% mol Na2O)

2.43 log Ω cm

700˚C

(12.1% mol Na2O)

1.89 log Ω cm

800˚C

(12.1% mol Na2O)

1.48 log Ω cm

900˚C

(16% mol Na2O)

15.89 log Ω cm

40˚C

(16% mol Na2O)

15.08 log Ω cm

60˚C

(16% mol Na2O)

14.32 log Ω cm

80˚C

(16% mol Na2O)

13.58 log Ω cm

100˚C

(17.3% mol Na2O)

1.39 log Ω cm

850˚C

(17.3% mol Na2O)

1.18 log Ω cm

900˚C

(17.3% mol Na2O)

0.89 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

13.86 log Ω cm

40˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

12.91 log Ω cm

60˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

12.05 log Ω cm

80˚C

(20% mol Na2O)

11.28 log Ω cm

100˚C

Description

B2O3 glass (Con’t)

B2O3–Na2O glass

GLASS

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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9.1 E&M Page 973 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 12 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

B2O3–Na2O glass (Con’t)

(21.9% mol Na2O)

1.29 log Ω cm

800˚C

(21.9% mol Na2O)

0.94 log Ω cm

900˚C

(21.9% mol Na2O)

0.65 log Ω cm

1000˚C

(27.5% mol Na2O)

1.00 log Ω cm

800˚C

(27.5% mol Na2O)

0.70 log Ω cm

900˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

11.90 log Ω cm

40˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

10.14 log Ω cm

60˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

9.43 log Ω cm

80˚C

(30% mol Na2O)

8.82 log Ω cm

100˚C

(32.8% mol Na2O)

1.02 log Ω cm

700˚C

(32.8% mol Na2O)

0.60 log Ω cm

800˚C

(32.8% mol Na2O)

0.40 log Ω cm

900˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

10.48 log Ω cm

40˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

9.73 log Ω cm

60˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

9.08 log Ω cm

80˚C

(40% mol Na2O)

8.46 log Ω cm

100˚C

(33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO)

14.40 log Ω cm 13.92 log Ω cm 13.50 log Ω cm

150˚C 200˚C 250˚C

(33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO)

13.16 log Ω cm 3.10 log Ω cm 2.25 log Ω cm

300˚C 850˚C 950˚C

(33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO) (33.3% mol CaO)

1.52 log Ω cm 1.10 log Ω cm 0.85 log Ω cm

1050˚C 1150˚C 1250˚C

B2O3–CaO glass

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

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9.1 E&M Page 974 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 292. VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF (SHEET 13 OF 13)

GLASS

Glass

Description

Resistivity

Temperature (˚C)

B2O3–CaO glass (Con’t)

(40.0% mol CaO)

2.97 log Ω cm

850˚C

(40.0% mol CaO) (40.0% mol CaO)

2.06 log Ω cm 1.40 log Ω cm

950˚C 1050˚C

(40.0% mol CaO) (40.0% mol CaO)

0.98 log Ω cm 0.75 log Ω cm

1150˚C 1250˚C

(55.4% mol CaO) (55.4% mol CaO) (55.4% mol CaO)

6.13 log Ω cm 3.86 log Ω cm 2.46 log Ω cm

750˚C 850˚C 950˚C

(55.4% mol CaO) (55.4% mol CaO)

1.70 log Ω cm 1.22 log Ω cm

1050˚C 1150˚C

Source: data compiled by J. S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 975 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 8)

Polymer ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded

Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded

Type

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Medium impact

2—4 x 1015

High impact

1—4 x 1015

Very high impact

1—4 x 1015

Low temperature impact

1—4 x 1015

Heat resistant

1—5 x 1015

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I

>1015

General purpose, type II

>1015

Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8

>1014

High impact grade

2.0 x 1016 4 x 1014

Thermoset Carbonate

Allyl diglycol carbonate

Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating)

1014

Rope (general purpose)

1014

Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts) Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

1014 — 1015 1014

ASTM Grade: H6—1

1010—1013

H4—1

1010—1013

H2—1

1010—1013

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

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975

9.1 E&M Page 976 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 8)

Polymer Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

Chlorinated Polymers

Polycarbonates

Diallyl Phthalates; Molded

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Type

MH—1, MH—2

1010—1013

MS—1, MS—2

1010—1013

S2—1

1010—1013

ASTM Grade: H4

1011—1014

MH

1011—1014

S2

1011—1014

ASTM Grade: 1

1011—1014

3

1011—1014

6

1011—1014 1.5 x 1016

Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

1 x 1015—2 x 1016

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)

2.1 x 1016 1.4 x 1015

Orlon filled

6 x 104—6 x 106

Dacron filled

102—2.5 x 104

Asbestos filled

102—5 x 103

Glass fiber filled

104—5 x 104

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

976

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 977 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 3 OF 8)

Polymer Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Type Polytetrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded High strength laminate

Epoxies—Molded, Extruded

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

1018 >1018 1015 >2 x 1018 5 x 1014

6.1 x 1015 9.1 x 105—6.7 x 109 1—5 x 1015 6.6 x 107—109

2.10 x 1014 1.4—5.5 x 1014 >1016

Epoxy novolacs

Cast, rigid

Melamines; Molded

Filler & type Cellulose electrical

1012—1013

Glass fiber

1—7 x 1011

Alpha cellulose and mineral

1012

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

977

9.1 E&M Page 978 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 4 OF 8)

Polymer Nylons; Molded, Extruded

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Type

Type 6 4.5 x 1013

General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast

2.6 x 1014

Type 8

1.5 x 1011

Type 11

2 x 1013

Type 12

1014 —1015

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding

1014—1015 2.6—5.5 x 1015

Glass fiber reinforced

Phenolics; Molded

2.8 x 1014—1.5 x 1015

General purpose extrusion

1015

6/10 Nylon General purpose

1015

Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp

109—1013 1—50 x 1011 >1010

High shock: chopped fabric or cord

10 — 1011

Very high shock: glass fiber

10

Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric

1010 — 1012

Rubber phenolic—asbestos

108—1011 1011 1011

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 979 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 5 OF 8)

Polymer Phenolics; Molded (Con’t)

Polymides

Polyacetals

Polyester; Thermoplastic

Type

ABS—Polycarbonate Alloy

2.2 x 1016

PVC—Acrylic Alloy PVC—acrylic Sheet

l—5 x 1013

PVC—acrylic injection molded

5 x l015

Unreinforced

4 x 1015

Glass reinforced

9.2 x 1015

Homopolymer: Standard

1 x 1015

20% glass reinforced

5 x 1014

Copolymer: Standard

1 x 1014

25% glass reinforced

1.2 x 1014

High flow

1.0 x 1014

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade

1—4 x 1016

Glass reinforced grades

3.2—3.3 x 1016

Glass reinforced self extinguishing

Polyesters: Thermosets

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

3.4 x 1016

General purpose grade

2 x 1015

Asbestos—filled grade

3 x 1014

Cast polyyester Rigid

1013

Flexible

1012

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

979

9.1 E&M Page 980 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 6 OF 8)

Polymer Polyesters: Thermosets (Con’t)

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Type

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistant (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

Phenylene oxides (Noryl)

6.4 x 1015 —2.2 x 1016

1017

SE—1

1017

Glass fiber reinforced

1017

Standard

5 x 1016 1017

Polyarylsulfone

3.2—7.71 x l016

General purpose

>1017

High impact

Polyphenylene sulfide

1 x 1012 —1 x 1013

Phenylene Oxides SE—100

Glass fiber reinforced

Polypropylene

1 x 1012 —1 x 1013

1017

Asbestos filled

1.5 x 1015

Glass reinforced

1.7 x 1016

Flame retardant

4 x 1016—1017

40% glass reinforced

4.5 x 1014

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 981 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 7 OF 8)

Polymer Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded

Olefin Copolymers; Molded

Type Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6

1017—1019

Melt index 6—26

1017—1019

Melt index 200

1017—1019

Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20

>1015

Melt index l.0—1.9

>1015

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9

>1015

Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0

>1015

Melt index 1.5—15

>1015

High molecular weight

>1015

EEA (ethylene ethyl acrylate)

2.4 x 1015

EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)

0.15 x 1015

Ionomer

Polystyrenes; Molded

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

10 x 1015

Polyallomer

>1016

Polystyrenes General purpose

>1016

Medium impact

>1016

High impact

>1016

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

981

9.1 E&M Page 982 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 293. VOLUME

RESISTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 8 OF 8)

Polymer Polystyrenes; Molded (Con’t)

Volume Resistivity, (ASTM D257) (Ω • cm)

Type

Glass fiber -30% reinforced

3.6 x 1016

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)

>1016

Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded

Nonrigid—general

1—700 x 1012

Nonrigid—electrical

4—300 x 1011

Rigid—normal impact

1014—1016

Vinylidene chloride

1014—1016

Silicones; Molded, Laminated Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate Ureas; Molded

4.4 x 1016

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l) Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2)

(dry) 9 x 1014 5 x 1014 2—5 x 1014 0.5—5 x 1011 5—8 x 1010

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

982

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 983 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 294. CRITICAL

TEMPERATURE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 2)

a

Element

Tc(K)

Al Be Cd

1.175 0.026 0.518-0.52

Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (δ)

5.90-6.2 7.62 7.85

Hg (α) Hg (β)

4.154 3.949

In Ir

3.405 0.11-0.14

La (α) La (β) Mo Nb

4.88 6.00 0.916 9.25

Os Pa Pb Re

0.655 1.4 7.23 1.697

Ru Sb Sn Ta

2.6-2.7a 3.721 4.47

Tc Th

7.73-7.78 1.39

1.0833

0.493

Metastable.

Source: data from Roberts, B. W., Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials - 1974 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 825, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1974, 10.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

983

9.1 E&M Page 984 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 294. CRITICAL

TEMPERATURE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Element

Tc(K)

Ti Ti

0.39 2.332-2.39

V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

5.43-5.31 0.0154 0.875 0.53

0.65

a Metastable.

Source: data from Roberts, B. W., Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials - 1974 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 825, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1974, 10.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

984

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 985 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 1 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded

Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded

60 Hz

106 Hz

Medium impact

0.003—0.006

0.008—0.009

High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

0.005—0.007 0.005—0.010 0.005—0.01 0.030—0.040

0.007—0.015 0.008—0.016 0.008—0.016 0.005—0.015

Polymer

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

0.05—0.06 0.05—0.06

0.02—0.03 0.02—0.03

0.04—0.06 0.03—0.04

0.02—0.03 0.01—0.02

Thermoset Carbonate

Allyl diglycol carbonate

0.03—0.04

0.1—0.2

Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)

0.030—0.045 0.019

0.016—0.020 0.023

0.030—0.040

0.017—0.020

0.02—0.03

0.015—0.022

0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06 0.01—0.06

0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10 0.01—0.10

Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1 MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

985

9.1 E&M Page 986 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 2 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

Polymer

Chlorinated Polymers Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

Diallyl Phthalates; Molded

0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04

0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05

0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04 0.01—0.04

0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05 0.02—0.05

0.011 0.0189— 0.0208

0.011

0.0009

0.01

0.006

0.007

0.023—0.015 (Dry) 0.004—0.016 (Dry) 0.05—0.03 (Dry) 0.004—0.015 (Dry)

0.045—0.040 (Wet) 0.009—0.017 (Wet) 0.154—0.050 (Wet) 0.012—0.020 (Wet)

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

Polycarbonates

106 Hz

ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

Cellulose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

60 Hz

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced) Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled

0.02

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

986

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 987 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 3 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced

Epoxies—Molded, Extruded

Polymer

60 Hz

106 Hz

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

0.02

0.007—0.010

0.0002

0.0002

0.0005–0.0015

0.0005–0.0015

0.0003

0.0003

0.05

0.184

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate

0.0074 0.0048-0.0380 0.011-0.018

0.032 0.0369-0.0622 0.013—0.020

0.004-0.006

0.024—0.026

—

0.010-0.017

0.0055— 0.0074 0.0071—0.025 —

0.029—0.028

0.001—0.007

—

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid

— 0.0158

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

987

9.1 E&M Page 988 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 4 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) Class Melamines; Molded

Nylons; Molded, Extruded

Polymer Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical Glass fiber Alpha cellulose Mineral

106 Hz

0.048—0.162 0.026—0.192 0.14—0.23 — —

0.031—0.040 0.032—0.12 0.020—0.03 0.028 0.030

0.06—0.014

0.03—0.04

0.022—0.008

0.019—0.015

0.015 0.007—0.010

0.05 0.010—0.015

0.19 0.03

0.08 0.02

Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers Type 8 Type 11 Type 12 6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced 6/10 Nylon General purpose

Phenolics; Molded

60 Hz

Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber

0.04 (103 Hz)

0.014—0.04 0.009—0.018

0.04 0.017—0.018

0.04

0.05—0.30

0.03—0.07

0.08—0.35

0.03—0.07

0.08—0.45

0.03—0.09

0.02—0.03

0.02

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

988

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

9.1 E&M Page 989 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 5 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) 60 Hz

106 Hz

0.13—0.16

0.1

0.15—0.60

0.1—0.2

0.5

0.09

0.15

0.13

ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy

0.0026

0.0059

PVC–acrylic sheet PVC–acrylic injection molded

0.076

0.094

0.037

0.031

Polyimides

Unreinforced Glass reinforced

0.003 0.0034

0.011 0.0055

Polyacetals

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

0.0048 0.0047

0.0048 0.0036

0.001 (100 Hz) 0.003 (100 Hz) 0.001 (100 Hz)

0.006 0.006 0.006

Class Phenolics: Molded

PVC–Acrylic Alloy

Polyester; Thermoplastic

Polymer Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic— woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic— chopped fabric Rubber phenolic— asbestos

Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades

0.002 (103 Hz) 0.002—0.003 (103 Hz)

Glass reinforced self extinguishing General purpose grade

0.002 (103 Hz)

Asbestos—filled grade

0.015 (103 Hz)

0.023 (103 Hz)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

989

9.1 E&M Page 990 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Electrical Properties

Table 295. DISSIPATION FACTOR FOR (SHEET 6 OF 8)

POLYMERS

Dissipation Factor (ASTM D150) 60 Hz

106 Hz

0.003—0.04 0.01—0.18

0.006—0.04 0.02—0.06

0.0087—0.04

0.0086—0.022

0.0007 0.0007 0.0009

0.0024 0.0024 0.0015

0.0008 0.0019

0.0034 0.0049

Polyarylsulfone

0.0017—0.003

0.0056—0.012

General purpose

0.0005–0.0007

0.0002–0.0003 0.0002— 0.0003 0.002 0.003 0.0006–0.003

Class Polyesters: Thermosets

Polymer Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible

Reinforced polyester moldings

Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

Phenylene Oxides

SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced Phenylene oxides (Noryl) Standard Glass fiber reinforced

Polypropylene

High impact Asbestos filled Glass reinforced Flame retardant Polyphenylene sulfide

Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded

92 90

Thermoset Carbonate

Allyl diglycol carbonate

89—92

Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)

Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1047 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 2 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1

75—90 75—90 80—90

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

80—90 80—90 80—95

ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

75—92 80—92 85—95

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

80—92 80—92 80—92

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1048 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 3 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Chlorinated Polymers

Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

Opaque Opaque

Polycarbonates

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)

75—85 Translucent

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE)

80—92

Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded

90 85

General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1049 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 4 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Epoxies—Molded, Extruded

High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate

Opaque Opaque

Epoxy novolacs

Glass cloth laminate

Opaque

Melamines; Molded

Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical

Good Opaque

6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced Glass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled General purpose extrusion

Translucent Opaque Opaque Opaque

Nylons; Molded, Extruded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1050 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 5 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Nylons; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)

6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced

Opaque Opaque

ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy

ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy

Opaque

PVC–Acrylic Alloy

PVC–acrylic sheet PVC–acrylic injection molded

Opaque Opaque

Poliymides

Unreinforced Unreinforced 2nd value Glass reinforced

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Polyesters: Thermosets

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistsnt (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1051 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 6 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Phenylene Oxides

SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Phenylene oxides (Noryl)

Glass fiber reinforced

Opaque

Polypropylene

General purpose High impact

Translucent—opaque Translucent—opaque

Asbestos filled Glass reinforced Flame retardant

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Standard 40% glass reinforced

Opaque Opaque

Polyphenylene sulfide

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1052 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 305. TRANSPARENCY OF (SHEET 7 OF 7)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Transparency (visible light) (ASTM D791) (%)

Polystyrenes; Molded

General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced

Transparent Opaque Opaque Opaque

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

Transparent Opaque

Silicones; Molded, Laminated

Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Ureas; Molded

Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type 1) Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2) Woodflour filled

21.8 Opaque Opaque

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1053 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 1 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)

Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II

1.485—1.500 1.485—1.495

Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

1.489—1.493 1.49

Thermoset Carbonate

Allyl diglycol carbonate

1.5

Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1

1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50 1.46—1.50

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1054 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 2 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

(D543) 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49 1.46—1.49

Polycarbonate

1.586

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

1.43 1.35 1.34 1.42

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1055 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 3 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)

Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced

Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded

1.61 1.61

Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow

Opaque Opaque Opaque

Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible

1.53—1.58 1.50—1.57

Polyacetals

Polyesters: Thermosets

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1056 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 4 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)

Phenylene oxides (Noryl)

Standard

1.63

Polyarylsulfone

Polyarylsulfone

1.651

Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded

Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200

1.51 1.51 1.51

Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9

1.51 1.51

Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15

1.54 1.54 1.54

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1057 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 306. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (SHEET 5 OF 5)

POLYMERS

Polymer

Type

Refractive index, (ASTM D542) (nD)

Polystyrenes; Molded

Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact

1.6 Opaque Opaque

Glass fiber -30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN

Opaque 1.565—1.569 Opaque

Vinylidene chloride

1.60—1.63

Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1058 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 1 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

3

Alumina (Sapphire, Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Aiλ 2 λ2

-

(λ in µm)

λ2 i

where i

1 2 3 (λ in mm)

λi2 0.00377588 0.0122544 321.3616

Ai 1.023798 1.058264 5.280792

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1059 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 2 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

5

ArsenicTrisulfide (Glass)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Kiλ 2 λ 2 − λi2

where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in µm)

(λ in µm)

λi2 0.0225 0.0625 0.1225 0.2025 0.705

Ki 1.8983678 1.9222979 0.8765134 0.1188704 0.9569903

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1060 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 3 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

3

Barium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ

Aiλ 2

(λ in µm)

λ2 - λ2 i i=1

where i

1 2 3 (λ in µm)

λi 0.057789 0.10968 46.3864

Ai 0.643356 0.50676 3.8261

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1061 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 4 OF 13) Material

Cadmium Sulfide (Bulk and Hexagonal Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

n 2o=5.235+

1.891x107 λ 2-1.651x107

for ordinary ray, and

2.076x10 7 2 ne =5.239+ λ 2-1.651x10 7 for extraordinary ray. (λ in µm)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1062 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 5 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

3

Calcium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Aiλ 2

Σ i=1

λ2

-

(λ in µm)

λ2 i Ai 0.5675888 0.4710914 3.8484723

i 1 2 3

Cesium Bromide (Single Crystal)

2 -6 n = 5.640752–3.338x10 λ2 +

0.0018612 λ

2

λι 0.050263605 0.1003909 34.64904

41110.49 0.0290764 + 2 + 2 λ -14390.4 λ -0.024964

(λ in µm)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1063 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 6 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

5

Cesium Iodide (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Kiλ 2 λ 2 − λi2

where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in mm)

(λ in µm)

λi2 0.00052701 0.02149156 0.28551800 0.39743178 3.3605359

Ki 0.3461725 1.0080886 0.02149156 0.044944 25921

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1064 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 7 OF 13)

MATERIALS

Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

Germanium (Intrinsic Single Crystal)

n = A + Bλ + Cλ2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=3.99931 B=0.391707 C=0.163492 D=–0.0000060 E=0.000000053 for 2.0µm ≤ λ ≤ 13.5 µm

Lithium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

n = A + BL + CL2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=1.38761 B=0.001796 C=–0.000041 D=–0.0023045 E=–0.00000557 for 0.5µm ≤ λ ≤ 6.0 µm Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1065 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 8 OF 13) Material

MATERIALS

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

Magnesium Fluoride (Single Crystal)

no =1.36957 +

0.0035821 λ -0.14925

for ordinary wavelengths, and

ne =1.38100 +

0.0037415 λ -0.14947

for wavelengths within 0.4µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 µm

2 -5 n =2.956362-0.1062387 λ 2 –2.04968 x10 λ4

Magnesium Oxide (Single Crystal)

–

0.0219577 λ2

-0.01428322

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1066 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 9 OF 13) Material

Potassium Bromide (Single Crystal)

Potassium Chloride (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

2

n = 2.3618102–0.00058072 λ 2 +

0.02305269

λ2– 0.02425381 for 0.4µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 µm

n2= 2.174967+

0.08344206 λ 2-0.0119082

+

0.00698382 λ2 -0.025555

– 0.000513495 λ2 – 0.06167587 λ 4 for ultraviolet wavelengths

n2=3.866619+

0.08344206 λ 2 – 0.0119082

–

0.00698382 λ 2–

0.025555

–

5569.715 λ 2–

3292.472

for the visible light Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1067 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 10 OF 13) Material

Silica (High Purity Fused)

Silicon (Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

n2=2.978645 +

0.008777808 λ 2–

0.010609

+

84.06224 λ 2–

96.0000

n = 3.41696 + 0.138497L + 0.013924L2 – 0.0000209λ2 + 0.000000148λ4

where L = (λ2 – 0.028)–1

Silver Bromide (Single Crystal)

n2 – 1 0.10279 λ2 =0.48484+ λ2– 0.0900 n2 + 2

– 0.004796 λ 2

for 0.54µm ≤ λ ≤ 0.65 µm

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1068 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 11 OF 13)

MATERIALS

Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

Silver Chloride (Single Crystal)

n = 4.00804 – 0.00085111λ2 – 0.00000019762λ4 + 0.079086/(λ2 – 0.04584)

Strontium Titanate (Single Crystal)

n = A + BL + CL2 + Dλ2 + Eλ4

where A=2.28355 B=0.035906 C=0.001666 D=–0.0061355 E=–0.00001502 for 1.0 µm ≤ λ ≤ 5.3 µm

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1069 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 12 OF 13) Material

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

5

Thallium Bromoiodide (KRS-5, Mixed Crystal)

MATERIALS

2

n -1=

Σ i=1

Kiλ 2 λ 2 − λi2

where i

1 2 3 4 5 (λ in µm)

λi2 0.0225 0.0625 0.1225 0.2025 27089.737

Ki 1.8293958 1.6675593 1.1210424 0.4513366 12.380234

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

10.2 Optical L Page 1070 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 307. DISPERSION OF OPTICAL (SHEET 13 OF 13) Material

Titanium Dioxide (Rutile, Single Crystal)

MATERIALS

Dispersion Equation at 298 K

n 2o=5.913+

2.441x107 λ 2– 0.803x107

for ordinary wavelengths, and

2 n =7.197 e

+

3.322x10

7

λ 2– 0.843x107

for extraordinary wavelengths. (λ in Å) Zinc Sulfide (Single Crystal, Cubic)

7 n = 5.164+ 1.208x107 l2 – 0.732 x10 (λ in Å)

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W. “Chemical Properties of Materials” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

11.0 Chemical Page 1071 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

CHAPTER 9

List of Tables

Chemical Properties of Materials

Absorption Water Absorption of Polymers EMF Potentials and Galvanic Series Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚ Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F

©2001 CRC Press LLC

1071

11.0 Chemical Page 1072 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Chemical Properties List of Tables (Continued)

Corrosion (con’t) Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas Flammability Flammability of Polymers Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

©2001 CRC Press LLC

1072

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

11.1 Chemical L Page 1073 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 308. WATER

ABSORPTION OF POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 12)

Polymer

Type

Water Absorption in 24 hr, ASTM D570) (%)

ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded

Medium impact High impact

0.2—0.4 0.2—0.45

Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant

0.2—0.45 0.2—0.45 0.2—0.4

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II

0.3—0.4 0.2—0.4

Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade

0.3—0.4 0.2—0.4

Allyl diglycol carbonate

0.2

Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded

Thermoset Carbonate

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

11.1 Chemical L Page 1074 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 308. WATER

ABSORPTION OF POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 12)

Polymer

Type

Water Absorption in 24 hr, ASTM D570) (%)

Alkyds; Molded

Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)

0.10—0.15 0.05—0.08 0.08—0.12 0.007—0.10

Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1

1.7—2.7 1.7—2.7

MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1

1.8—4.0 2.1—4.0 2.3—4.0

ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2

2 1.3—1.6 0.9—1.3

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

11.1 Chemical L Page 1075 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 308. WATER

ABSORPTION OF POLYMERS (SHEET 3 OF 12)

Polymer

Type

Water Absorption in 24 hr, ASTM D570) (%)

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded

ASTM Grade: 1 3 6

1.6—2.0 1.3—1.8 1.6

Chlorinated Polymers

Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

0.01 0.11

Polycarbonates

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)

0.15 0.08

Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled

(122 •F, 48 hr), % 0.2—0.5 0.2—0.5 0.4—0.7 0.2—0.4

Diallyl Phthalates; Molded

Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

11.1 Chemical L Page 1076 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00

Table 308. WATER

ABSORPTION OF POLYMERS (SHEET 4 OF 12)

Polymer

Type

Water Absorption in 24 hr, ASTM D570) (%)

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded

Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

0 0.01

Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)

>0.2