Petroleum Products Handbook (Guthrie, Virgil)

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Contents

Contributing Editors ........................................................

vii

Preface ...........................................................................

xi

Guide for Handbook Users .............................................

xiii

Petroleum Flow Chart from the Well through the Refinery .....................................................................

xv

Section 1. The Raw Material, Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas .......................................................

1-1

Part I. Petroleum, Our Man of all Work ..................................

1-1

Nature and Occurrence of Petroleum .................................

1-3

How the Oil Industry Functions ............................................

1-6

Nature and Composition of Crude Oil .................................

1-9

Transforming Crude Oil into Products .................................

1-10

Products from Petroleum and Natural Gas .........................

1-14

Bibliography .........................................................................

1-28

Part II. Natural Gasoline a Source of Liquid Products ........... 1-30 Birth in the Early Pennsylvania Oil Fields ............................

1-32

Research for Broader Markets ............................................

1-35

Wider Use in Motor Fuel ......................................................

1-35

Specifications and Properties ..............................................

1-37

xv

xvi

Contents Testing Methods ..................................................................

1-37

References ...........................................................................

1-38

Bibliography .........................................................................

1-38

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

1-39

Appendix A: Check List of Commercial Petroleum Products .........................................................................

1-40

Section 2. Additives for Petroleum Products ............

2-1

General Properties of Additives ...........................................

2-3

Selection and Control of Additives ......................................

2-4

Liquid Fuel Additives ............................................................

2-6

Additives for Automotive Lubricants ....................................

2-18

Additives in Oil Specifications ..............................................

2-24

Additives for Industrial Oils ..................................................

2-30

Bibliography .........................................................................

2-42

Section 3. Liquefied Petroleum Gas ..........................

3-1

Properties of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ...................................

3-2

Production and Treating of LP-Gas .....................................

3-6

Specifications and Test Methods ........................................

3-10

Storage and Handling of LP-Gas ........................................

3-13

Rules, Regulations, and Standards .....................................

3-18

Distribution Methods ............................................................

3-21

Utilization of LP-Gas ............................................................

3-25

Sizing of Tanks and Piping ..................................................

3-29

Receipt of Shipments ...........................................................

3-30

Taxes Applicable to LP-Gas ................................................

3-34

Toxicity of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ........................................

3-35

Securing Maximum Performance ........................................

3-35

References ...........................................................................

3-39

Contents

xvii

Glossary of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Terms ......................

3-40

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

3-46

Section 4. Gasoline .....................................................

4-1

General Performance Requirements ..................................

4-6

Chemical Composition of Gasoline .....................................

4-8

Motor Fuel Gasoline ............................................................

4-11

Alcohol Blends .....................................................................

4-37

Aviation Gasoline .................................................................

4-38

Marine Gasoline ...................................................................

4-42

Gasoline Tractor Fuel ..........................................................

4-44

References ...........................................................................

4-45

Bibliography .........................................................................

4-47

Appendix A: Tentative Specifications for Gasoline .............

4-48

Appendix B: Tentative Specifications for Aviation Gasolines .......................................................................

4-51

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

4-54

Section 5. Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and Lubricants ................................................................

5-1

Principles of Operation and Types ......................................

5-2

Fuel Developments and Specifications ...............................

5-6

Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuel Manufacture ...............................

5-10

Fuel Requirements and Properties ......................................

5-10

Aircraft Gas Turbine Lubricants ...........................................

5-23

References ...........................................................................

5-27

Section 6. Diesel Fuel Oils ..........................................

6-1

Diesel Fuel Economics ........................................................

6-1

Composition of Fuel an Important Factor ............................

6-4

xviii

Contents

Properties Determining Fuel Performance ..........................

6-5

Test Methods for Diesel Fuel Oils .......................................

6-9

Significance of Tests on Diesel Fuels .................................

6-12

Utilization of Diesel Fuels ....................................................

6-13

Growth Trends in Diesel-Engine Field .................................

6-29

Storage, Shipping, and Handling .........................................

6-31

References ...........................................................................

6-32

Bibliography .........................................................................

6-32

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

6-33

Section 7. Distillate Heating Oils ................................

7-1

Status of the Heating-Oil Industry ........................................

7-3

Burners, Controls, and Tanks ..............................................

7-9

Central-Heating Systems .....................................................

7-15

Specifications and Testing ...................................................

7-24

Burning Qualities in Oils ......................................................

7-28

Stability in Heating Oils ........................................................

7-37

Handling and Delivery ..........................................................

7-46

References ...........................................................................

7-50

Bibliography .........................................................................

7-51

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

7-52

Section 8. Residual Fuel Oils ......................................

8-1

Historical ..............................................................................

8-1

Statistical ..............................................................................

8-2

Specifications for Residual Fuels ........................................

8-3

Properties of Commercial Residual Fuels ...........................

8-11

Detailed Inspections of Heavy Fuels ...................................

8-23

End Uses of Residual Fuel Oils ...........................................

8-27

Problems Associated with Utilization ...................................

8-30

Contents

xix

The Combustion of Residual Fuels .....................................

8-36

Specific Heat of Fuel Oils ....................................................

8-48

Residual Fuel Oil Burners ....................................................

8-49

References ...........................................................................

8-50

Bibliography .........................................................................

8-50

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

8-51

Section 9. Lubricating Oils and Greases ...................

9-1

Part I. Automotive Oils ...........................................................

9-1

Performance Characteristics ...............................................

9-2

Fluid Characteristic - Viscosity ............................................

9-5

"Boundary" Lubrication ........................................................

9-24

Stability and Chemical Inertness .........................................

9-28

Evaluating Automotive Lubricants .......................................

9-28

References ...........................................................................

9-31

Part II. Industrial Lubrication .................................................. 9-34 Engine and Machine Oils .....................................................

9-34

Steam Cylinder Oils .............................................................

9-37

Diesel Engine Oils ................................................................

9-41

Steam Turbine Oils ..............................................................

9-43

Speed Reduction Gear Lubrication .....................................

9-47

Compressor Oils ..................................................................

9-49

Electric-Motor Bearing Oils ..................................................

9-53

Hydraulic Fluids ...................................................................

9-56

Industrial Circulating Oils .....................................................

9-58

Wire-Rope Lubrication .........................................................

9-62

Industrial Gear Oils ..............................................................

9-64

Spindle Oils ..........................................................................

9-65

xx

Contents Instrument Lubricants ..........................................................

9-67

Pneumatic Tool Oils .............................................................

9-68

Oil-Spray Lubrication ...........................................................

9-70

Insulating and Transformer Oils ..........................................

9-71

Metalworking and Cutting Oils .............................................

9-72

Bibliography .........................................................................

9-74

Part III. Lubricating Greases .................................................. 9-75 Functions of a Lubricating Grease ......................................

9-78

Evaluating Lubricating Greases ...........................................

9-79

Properties that Influence Selection ......................................

9-85

Availability of Specific Greases ...........................................

9-90

Types of Bearings to Be Lubricated ....................................

9-91

Specific Industry Applications ..............................................

9-96

Special Greases and Trends ............................................... 9-120 Handling and Storing Greases ............................................ 9-121 References ........................................................................... 9-122 Bibliography ......................................................................... 9-123 Part IV. Reclaiming Lubricating Oils ...................................... 9-124 Contaminants from Two Sources ........................................ 9-127 Effects of Oil Contamination ................................................ 9-128 Oxidation .............................................................................. 9-128 Oil-Reclamation Methods .................................................... 9-129

Section 10. The Petroleum Waxes ............................. 10-1 Wax Production Methods ....................................................

10-2

Petroleum-Wax Uses by Volume ........................................

10-6

Paraffin Waxes, Natural and Synthetic ................................

10-6

Microcrystalline Waxes ........................................................ 10-11

Contents

xxi

Petrolatums .......................................................................... 10-13 Petroleum-Wax Industrial Uses ........................................... 10-17 The Future of Petroleum Waxes ......................................... 10-28 Bibliography ......................................................................... 10-28

Section 11. Miscellaneous Light Oils ......................... 11-1 Part I. Kerosine (Illuminating Oils) ......................................... 11-1 The Essential Properties of Kerosine ..................................

11-3

References ...........................................................................

11-7

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ...................

11-7

Part II. Industrial Naphthas .................................................... 11-8 Chemistry of Industrial Solvents ..........................................

11-9

Manufacture of Industrial Naphthas .................................... 11-12 Distributing Methods Modernized ........................................ 11-14 Utilization and Standardization ............................................ 11-15 Physical and Chemical Tests .............................................. 11-18 Safety Precautions Essential ............................................... 11-23 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ................... 11-24 Appendix A: Properties of Standard Industrial Naphthas and Related Materials ................................... 11-25 References ........................................................................... 11-29 Part III. Use of Petroleum as Pesticides ................................ 11-30 Insecticides .......................................................................... 11-30 Herbicides ............................................................................ 11-42 Fungicides ............................................................................ 11-44 Solvents for Agricultural Pesticides ..................................... 11-44 References ........................................................................... 11-51

xxii

Contents

Section 12. Petrochemicals ........................................ 12-1 History of Petrochemicals ....................................................

12-2

Growth Pattern, Past and Future .........................................

12-4

Three Types of Petrochemicals ...........................................

12-7

Petrochemical Statistics .......................................................

12-9

Where Petrochemicals Come from ..................................... 12-12 Marketing Petrochemicals ................................................... 12-25 Glossary of Petrochemicals ................................................. 12-29 References ........................................................................... 12-39

Section 13. Petroleum Asphalt ................................... 13-1 Types of Petroleum Asphalt ................................................

13-1

Asphalt Cement ...................................................................

13-2

Liquid Asphalts .....................................................................

13-5

Blown Asphalts .................................................................... 13-12 Uses of Petroleum Asphalt .................................................. 13-13 References ........................................................................... 13-17 Bibliography ......................................................................... 13-18

Section 14. Petroleum Coke ....................................... 14-1 Economics of Coking ...........................................................

14-1

Commercial Coking Processes ...........................................

14-3

Petroleum-Coke Quality .......................................................

14-6

Utilization of Raw Petroleum Coke ...................................... 14-12 Utilization of Calcined Coke ................................................. 14-15 Bibliography and References .............................................. 14-20

Section 15. Carbon Black ........................................... 15-1 Manufacturing Processes and Types of Carbon Blacks .............................................................................

15-2

Contents

xxiii

Properties and Evaluation ...................................................

15-7

Applications and Uses ......................................................... 15-10 References ........................................................................... 15-15

Section 16. Reference Data Section ........................... 16-1 Introduction ..........................................................................

16-1

Contents ...............................................................................

16-1

Part I. Reference Data Directory ............................................ 16-2 Part II. Sampling and Measurement of Liquid Petroleum Products ............................................................................ 16-10 Sampling Petroleum Products ............................................. 16-10 Measurement and Calculation of Volume ........................... 16-10 The ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables .................. 16-12 Nomograph for Volume and Gravity Corrections ................ 16-15 Tables of Volumetric and Weight Measures ....................... 16-16 Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-18 Part III. Test Methods, Product Specifications, and Antiknock Scale Conversions ........................................... 16-19 Guide to ASTM Petroleum Product Test Methods .............. 16-19 ASTM Specifications for Petroleum Products by Title ........ 16-25 Federal Specifications for Petroleum Products by Title ............................................................................ 16-27 Federal Specifications for Commercial Products ................ 16-28 Crankcase-Oil Viscosity Classification, SAE Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-43 Transmission and Axle-Lubricant Classification, SAE Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-44 Conversions of Antiknock Scales ........................................ 16-45

xxiv

Contents

Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-55 Part IV. Storage, Handling, and Transportation of Petroleum Products .......................................................... 16-56 General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-56 Part V. Directory of United States Petroleum Refineries .......................................................................... 16-57 Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-66 Part VI. Motor Fuel Tax and Tax Refund Procedures; Product Inspection by States ............................................ 16-67 Motor Fuel Tax Refund Procedures .................................... 16-67 Petroleum Product Inspection by States ............................. 16-77 Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-78 Part VII. Petroleum Products Supply-Demand, Utilization, and Price Statistics .......................................... 16-79 General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-93

Section 17. Petroleum Trade Glossary ...................... 17-1 Abel Tester to Azeotropic Distillation ...................................

17-1

Balanced Gasoline to Byproduct .........................................

17-3

°C to Cylinder Stock .............................................................

17-5

Deasphalting to Dry Point ....................................................

17-8

Emulsification to Extractive Distillation ................................ 17-10 °F (Degrees Fahrenheit) to Furnace Oils ............................ 17-11 Gallon (Imperial) to Gum Tests ........................................... 17-13 Heart Cut to Hydrometer ...................................................... 17-14 IBP (Initial Boiling Point) to Isopropyl Alcohol, Isopropanol [(CH3)2CHOH] ............................................ 17-15

Contents

xxv

Jet Engine (Aircraft) to Jump ............................................... 17-16 K-factor to Knock Suppressor .............................................. 17-16 Lacquer to Lubricity .............................................................. 17-17 Mahogany Acids to Multipurpose-type Grease ................... 17-18 Naphtha to Normal (N) Heptane ......................................... 17-20 Octane (C8H18) to Ozokerite ................................................ 17-21 Painters' Naphtha to Pyrethrum .......................................... 17-22 Qualitative Test to Quenching Oil ........................................ 17-24 Raffinate to RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) ............................. 17-25 SAE Numbers to Synthetic Rubber ..................................... 17-26 Tackiness Agent to Turnaround .......................................... 17-30 Ullage to USP Acid Test ...................................................... 17-31 Vacuum Distillation to Volatility ............................................ 17-32 Wash to Worked Penetration ............................................... 17-33 Xylenes, Xylol [C6H4(CH3)2] ................................................. 17-34 Yellow Scale to Yield ........................................................... 17-34

Index .............................................................................. I-17

Index

Index terms

Links

A Abrasive solids, effect on diesel engines

6-13

Abrasive wear in engines

2-19

Abrasiveness, of lubricating grease

9-84

of lubricating oils

9-121

Absolute viscosity, definition of

9-7

Absorption, recovery of hydrocarbons by

1-6

Acetaldehyde

2-21

12-16

9-8 12-17

12-21

12-29

12-34 Acetate rayon

12-29

Acetates

12-29

12-34

12-35

12-38

Acetic acid

12-7

12-17

12-21

12-29

Acetic anhydride

12-7

12-29 12-19

12-22

12-17

12-18

Acetic oxide Acetone

12-29 12-3

12-7

12-30

12-35

Acetone cyanhydrin

12-35

Acetyle oxide

12-29

Acetylene Acetylene black

1-10

12-3

12-30

Acetylene carbon black

15-5

Acetylenic hydrocarbons

1-10

Acid treating of fuel oil stocks

7-40

15-14

I-1

I-2

Index terms Acidifying agents Acidity, corrosion and

Links 12-29 9-43

Acrolein

12-20

Acrylates

2-37

12-30

Acrylic aldehyde

12-30

Acrylic polymers

2-31

2-32

12-17

12-19

Acrylonitrile Activated charcoal in LP-Gas manufacture

3-8

Additive industry, scope of

2-2

Additive resistance

9-61

Additives

1-12

antiknock agents for gasoline

12-30

2-2

2-7

2-8

4-42

4-43

4-34

4-35

for automotive lubricants

2-18

2-47

2-48

in aviation gasoline

4-42

cetane number improvers, diesel fuels

1-18

2-13

2-15

6-6

2-13

4-36

4-42

6-7 color dyes, gasoline

2-12

lubricating greases

9-76

lubricating oils

2-48

compatibility of

1-24

fuel oils

2-17

greases

2-27

compounded oils and greases

2-4

1-25

corrosion inhibitors and rust preventives, diesel fuel distillate fuel oils

2-13 1-21

2-15

7-41

gasoline

2-9

2-10

4-36

jet fuels

2-13

5-19

5-20

lubricating greases

9-76

9-83

I-3

Index terms

Links

Additives (Continued) lubricating oils

2-19 9-58

2-28 9-66

2-47

9-43

residual fuel oils

2-17

2-18

8-31

8-33

2-10

2-11

4-36

5-18

7-40

7-41

2-21

2-22

2-30

2-34

2-36

2-37

2-47

9-42

2-17

8-36

for diesel fuels

1-18

2-15

2-16

for distillate fuel oils

1-21

2-14

2-15

extreme-pressure, for lubricating greases

9-84 2-35

2-47

definition of deicing, antistall agents, gasoline

2-1

detergent-dispersant inhibitors, for distillate fuel oils for lubricating oils for residual fuel oils

for lubricating oils

2-30

2-34

in ferrous metallurgy

14-15

14-16

foam inhibitors for lubricating oils

2-23 2-48 9-62

2-24 9-46

2-30 9-58

2-37 9-61

gasoline

1-17

2-6

4-34

4-42

table

2-7

gum inhibitors, gasoline

4-42

for hydraulic fluids

2-29

9-57

9-58

for industrial oils

2-20

2-47

2-48

for light heating oils

7-40

7-41

2-2

2-6

2-47

2-48

2-2 9-84

2-3 9-121

for LP-Gas lubricant, table of properties and functions of for lubricating grease table

9-76

2-29 12-36

9-75

I-4

Index terms

Links

Additives (Continued) metal deactivators, for distillate fuel oils

1-21

7-41

for gasoline

2-9

4-36

for jet fuels

1-19

2-13

for lubricating greases

9-76

for lubricating oils

2-47

for natural gasoline

1-17

odorants, for LP-Gas

2-6

in oil specifications

2-24

3-5

automatic transmission fluid

2-26

aviation lubrication

2-27

railroad diesel

2-25

2-26

2-15

2-16

2-15

7-40

for gasoline

2-8

for jet fuels

2-13

for lubricating greases

9-76

for lubricating oils

3-6

2-27

oxidation inhibitors and stability improvers, for diesel fuels for distillate fuel oils

for residual fuel oils petrochemicals as

9-41

9-42

2-9

4-36

4-42

5-18

5-19

2-19

2-30

2-32

2-47

9-57

9-59

9-60

9-67

2-18

8-36 2-48

12-29

pour point depressants, for lubricating oils

2-23

2-30

2-32

preignition, for gasoline

2-11

4-36

4-37

properties of, general

2-3

2-4

for residual fuel oils

2-16

8-30

2-4

2-5

2-15

2-16

2-5

2-6

2-11

2-12

selection and control of starter fluids, for diesel fuels tests for effectiveness of upper-cylinder lubricants, gasoline

8-36

4-37

I-5

Index terms

Links

Additives (Continued) viscosity-index improvers, lubricating oils

2-22 9-11

2-23 9-12

2-30 9-48

2-48 9-61

Adhesives from petrochemicals

12-30

12-33

12-34

12-39

Adipates

12-30

Adipic acid

12-22

12-24

12-30

12-33

Adiponitrile

12-17

12-30 12-32

12-36

Adsorption plants Aerosols

3-8 11-30

examples of, table

11-39

sales of, graph and table

11-38

tests for

11-41

Africa, crude oil production in malaria control in petroleum reserves in

11-37

11-42

1-3 11-34 1-4

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

Afterburning

5-5

Aging in residual fuel oils Agricultural sprays, toxicity of

8-35 11-24

Agriculture in United States

6-29

Air, humidity in

8-44

solubility of

5-21

graph Air compressors, oil for Air filters in oil reclaiming

5-23 9-50 9-129

Air flow to burner, metering of

8-41

Air-fuel ratio

8-41

Air-fuel ratio control

6-19

9-51

I-6

Index terms

Links

Air requirements and products of combustion of fuel oils table

8-39 8-40

Aircraft fuel tanks

5-11

5-12

Aircraft instrument lubricants

2-28

2-29

Aircraft lubricants

1-21

2-28

9-99

9-100

grease table

5-23

9-100

oils, additives for

2-27

composition of

5-24

function of

5-23

5-24

military specifications for

5-24

5-27

table

5-25

5-26

synthetic

2-28

tests for evaluating

5-6

Aircraft turbine fuels

1-2

1-8

5-1

1-19 5-19

2-13

2-14

boiling range requirement

1-2

1-19

development of

5-6

5-9

additives for

inhibitors for

1-19

inspection data for

5-11

table

5-12

inspection tests for, table

5-11

manufacture of

5-10

operation of requirements and properties of specifications for

5-2 5-10 5-6

commercial, table

5-9

military, table

5-7

5-8

sulfur content of

5-9

5-11

5-10

5-18

I-7

Index terms

Links

Aircraft turbine fuels (Continued) tests for evaluating vapor pressure of Airplane engines, deicing of

5-6 5-13 2-10

Airplane spraying

11-47

Alcohols

12-24

12-31

as deicing agent

2-10

in gasoline

4-37

4-38

Aldehyde

12-29

12-35

Aliphatic naphthas

11-11

12-34

(See also Ethyl alcohol; Isopropyl alcohol; Methyl alcohol)

distillation ranges for, chart

11-15

toxicity of

11-23

Aliphatic petrochemicals statistics on Aliphatic solvents Aliphatics Alkaline reserve Alkane Alkyl-derived zinc dithiophosphates

12-4

12-7

12-10

12-11

1-19

1-20

11-11

11-12

2-21 12-33 2-20

2-21

Alkyl halides

12-35

Alkyl naphthalenes

11-17

Alkylate gasolines

12-32

12-35

4-24

12-35

Alkylates

12-8

detergent

12-30

Alkylation

1-12

11-12

11-13

1-16

4-5

4-6

11-36

11-39

of natural gasoline Allenes

1-10

Allethrin

11-35

I-8

Index terms

Links

Allyl alcohol

12-20

Allyl aldehyde

12-30

Allyl chloride

12-20

Alox Acids

10-21

Alpha-methyl-naphthalene Aluminum calcined coke and

12-30 12-30

1-18

6-6

5-5

8-23

8-25

12-17

12-24

14-16

American Merchant Marine

6-30

Ammonia

12-7 12-35

Ammonia vapors, in flue gases purging from LP-Gas cargo tanks Ammonium dimonylnaphthalene Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate explosives

8-31 3-38 2-10

2-11

12-17 12-3

12-17

Ammonium sulfate

12-17

12-30

Amsco method for determining evaporation rate

11-21

11-22

Amyl acetate

12-31

Amyl alcohols

12-24

12-31

Amyl chloride

12-24

12-31

Amyl naphthalenes

12-24

Amyl nitrate

2-15

Amyl phenol

12-31

Analytical reagents

12-35

Anhydrous ammonia

12-17

in LP-Gas

3-37

3-38

Anhydrous inorganic salts

1-10

1-11

Aniline

2-14

12-31

12-30

I-9

Index terms Aniline point, of automotive lubricants

Links 9-29

of light heating oils

7-29

of residual fuel oil

8-12

7-30

Aniline Point of Hydrocarbon Solvents test

11-22

Anode carbon

14-16

14-17

Ant killers

11-36

11-37

examples of, table Anticatalysts Anticracking agent, carbon black as Antifoaming agents Antifreezes

11-37 2-33 15-15 2-23

2-24

2-26

2-41

2-48

12-35

2-41

12-33

nonpermanent

12-17

permanent

12-19

Antifriction bearings, lubrication of Anti-icing additives Antiknock compounds effectiveness of Antiknock quality, of aviation gasoline

9-116 2-7 12-19

9-117 2-8

2-11

4-34

2-9 4-36

2-13 6-4

2-34 12-36

2-7 4-38 4-43

of motor gasoline, tests for

4-16 2-8 2-47

aromatic amine

2-28

in hydraulic fluids

9-57

phenothiazine

2-28

Antipreignition agents

2-37

5-18

of marine gasoline Antioxidants

2-34

4-36

9-58 4-37

I-10

Index terms Antirust additives

Antiseptics in lubricants Antiskinning agents

Links 2-9

2-10

2-13

2-27

2-32 4-36

2-33

2-41

2-47

4-36

2-48 12-31

Antistall agents

2-10

2-11

Antiwear agents

2-36

2-47

Antiwear protection

2-20

2-21

Antiweld agents

2-35

API gravity

11-46

API gravity test for paraffin wax

10-8

API motor oil classification

2-24

API Service GL-4 multipurpose gear lubricants

2-27

Aqua fortis

12-36

Aquatic weeds, control of

11-43

Aqueous solutions, additives in Aromatic amine inhibitors Aromatic catalytic distillates

12-37

2-4 2-33 8-9

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Olefin-free Gasoline by Silica Gel Adsorption test

11-22

Aromatic naphthas

11-11

distillation ranges for, chart

11-16

new

11-17

production of

11-12

toxicity of

11-23

11-24

12-4

12-7

Aromatic petrochemicals statistics on

12-11

Aromatic solvents

1-19

for pesticides

11-46

11-37

12-8

I-11

Index terms

Links

Aromatic solvents (Continued) specifications for Aromatics

11-47

11-48

1-10

1-16

1-19

1-20

4-10 5-10

4-11 11-11

4-17 11-43

4-24

12-14

12-15

12-21

8-12 8-30

8-16 8-32

1-23

1-27

in agricultural pesticides

11-45

history of

11-12

octane numbers of

4-23

in petrochemicals

12-12

production of, table

12-22

smoke point of

7-30

stability of

7-38

toxicity of

11-23

Arylurea

2-29

Asbestos

2-39

Ash, in automotive lubricants

9-30

diesel fuels and Ash content of residual fuels

and heat of combustion Asia, crude oil production in

6-13

6-20

2-17 8-25 8-33

2-18 8-29

8-37

8-41

1-3

petroleum reserves in

1-4

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

Asphalt

1-2

1-8

1-28

13-1

annual sales of, graph

13-17

blown

13-12

13-13

colorless

1-27

1-28

consistency of

13-2

I-12

Index terms

Links

Asphalt (Continued) consumption in United States, table

13-17

cutback

1-28

definition of

13-1

flash point of

13-2

liquid

13-5

emulsified, specifications for, table

13-11

medium-curing, specifications for, table

13-10

rapid-curing, specifications for, table

13-9

slow-curing, specifications for, table

13-11

in relation to other petroleum products, graph

13-14

in residual fuel oil

8-34

types of

13-1

uses of

13-13

viscosity test for, illustrated

1-20

Asphalt cement

13-1

specifications for, table

13-4

tests for

13-2

1-22

Asphalt residue

13-8

specifications for, table Asphaltenes ASTM closed cup test for flash point

13-2

1-22

13-13

Asphalt removal Asphalt roof coverings

13-3

13-7

Asphalt-base crude oils

Asphalt pipe coating, specifications for, table

13-5

13-9

13-16 13-13 8-34 11-20

ATF type A transmission fluid

2-26

Atmospheric still coking

14-3

14-4

13-6

I-13

Index terms Atomic energy, petroleum coke and

Links 14-20

Atomization of cylinder oil

9-38

9-39

Atomizing burners, smoking of

7-30

7-32

Australia, crude oil production in relative production and consumption of oil in

1-3 1-4

Autoignition reaction

4-15

Automatic delivery of fuel oil

7-49

7-50

Automatic transmission fluid additives

2-26

2-27

2-2

2-3

Automobile engines Automobiles, engine performance, chart registered in United States, chart Automotive combat gasoline specifications

4-13 4-2 2-4

Automotive diesel engines, fuels for

6-21

types of combustion systems for

6-22

illustrated Automotive engines, boundary lubrication encountered in

6-23 9-26

list of contacts for

9-18

Automotive lubricants

9-1

additives for

2-10

1-24

1-25

2-2

2-18

2-47

2-48

classification of

9-1

9-2

consumption in United States, table

9-2

evaluation of

9-28

oiliness of

9-2

performance characteristics of

9-2

table selection of stability and chemical inertness of

9-24

9-3 9-3 9-28

9-4

2-3

I-14

Index terms

Links

Automotive lubricants (Continued) tests for viscosity of

9-28 9-1

9-2

9-5

1-17

1-32

4-3

4-38

2-4

2-5

2-10

4-42

4-41

4-42

Automotive vehicles greases for

9-96

table

9-97

Aviation gasoline additives for

12-39 antiknock quality of

4-38

boiling range of

1-12

color in

2-12

2-13

4-2

4-3

consumption in United States chart

4-2

freezing point of

4-41

heat of combustion of

4-40

isobutane as material in

1-36

lean mixture rating of

4-39

oxidation stability of

4-41

performance number scale for

4-38

table petrochemicals for

4-39 12-32

rich-mixture rating of

4-40

tentative specifications for

4-51

volatility of

4-40

water tolerance of

4-41

Aviation industry needs

1-35

Axle gears, channeling of

9-23

Axle lubricants (see Transmission and axle lubricants)

4-40

12-33

4-41

9-24

I-15

Index terms

Links

Axle overloading

2-27

Axles, contacts for

9-18

rear, test methods for

9-28

Azeotropic distillation

1-19

B Babbitt metal bearings, operating limits for, table viscosity limits for, table

9-35 9-36

Bacteria counteraction in soluble oils

2-48

9-73

Ball-bearing greases

9-92

9-93

renewal of

9-93

9-94

table

9-95

test requirements for, table Ball-bearing lubricants Banana plants, sprays for Barges, transportation for LP-Gas

9-93 2-29

2-36

Barrel, capacity of

1-5

Baseboard radiation

7-16

Bauxite in wax filtering Baytown, Texas

2-24

3-22

Barium salts

Baumé gravity

2-22

1-7 2-21

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

9-54

11-44

Barium in additives

Batch method of oil reclamation

9-17

9-129

9-130

12-3 4-4 10-3

10-4

12-22

Bayway, New Jersey

12-3

Bearing protection

2-18

2-19

I-16

Index terms Bearing temperatures in aircraft turbines

Links 5-24

Bearings, antifriction, grease for

9-116

9-117

Babbitt metal, operating limits

9-35

9-36

packing of

9-95

temperature and, chart types of, greases for

9-95 9-91

(See also Ball-bearing greases; Ball-bearing lubricants) Beeswax

10-23

Belle, West Virginia

12-11

Bentonites

2-39

Benzene

1-10

11-12

11-13

11-43

12-2 12-21

12-7 12-22

12-8 12-24

12-12 12-31

1-24

11-17

specifications for

11-26

11-27

tests of

11-19

toxicity of

11-23

as solvent

Benzene hexachloride

12-22

Benzene-meta-dicarboxylic acid

12-35

Benzene ring

1-10

12-31 12-7

Benzene test by ultraviolet spectrophotometry

11-22

Benzol

12-31

Beta-naphthol

12-36

“Better” grade oil

2-25

Bingham Pycnometer

11-19

Black oils

11-34

Blackfish-jaw oil Blast furnaces, coke for

2-28 14-14

14-15

14-19

I-17

Index terms Blaugas

Links 3-1

Block or brick greases, characteristics of, table

9-88

Blocking test for paraffin wax

10-8

Blooming, rubber Boilers for steam heating

10-25 7-17

selecting size of

7-21

sizing of

7-18

standard rating code for, table

7-18

Boiling point, of hydrocarbon gases, table

14-3

of kerosine

11-5

of light heating oils

7-25

Boiling range for agricultural pesticides

7-36 11-45

for diesel fuels

1-19

for gas turbine aircraft fuels

1-19

for herbicides for petroleum products Bordeaux mixture Borderline knock-test method graph

11-43 1-12 11-34

11-44

4-19

4-20

4-19

Borneo crude oil

12-2

Boron

2-14

Boron carbide

11-46

14-14

Bottled gas (see LP-Gas) Boundary lubrication

2-20

2-36

description of

9-24

factors affecting

9-24

9-25

foreign material affecting

9-25

9-27

9-2

9-24

I-18

Index terms

Links

Boundary lubrication (Continued) points where encountered list of

9-25 9-26

Brake fluid (see Hydraulic brake fluid) Brakes, fluidity and

9-23

Brass filter for testing stability of fuel oil, illustrated

7-46

Breweries, grease used by

9-107

Bright stocks

10-3

British Ministry of Supply Specification RD-2487 oil

2-28

Broad-oven coking

14-5

Buna-N synthetic rubber

12-30

Bunker fuel (see Residual fuel oil) Burma

10-3

Burner controls

7-13

7-14

Burner-fuel oils (see Light heating oils; Residual fuel oil) Burner-fuel oil surveys, geographical areas used in, map

8-11

No. 4 fuels, table

8-12

No. 5 fuels

8-15

No. 6 fuels

8-19

Burning oil (see Kerosine) Burning point of kerosine

11-2

Burning quality of kerosine

7-35

Burning test for kerosine

11-5

11-6

3-9 12-32

12-7 12-34

Butadiene

11-3

12-21

12-31

I-19

Index terms Butane

Links 1-9

1-14

1-32

3-1

12-16

12-20

12-21

3-2

3-3

12-12

12-12

12-32

3-7 boiling point of, table

14-3

carbon-hydrogen ratio for, table

14-3

commercial, average properties of, table

3-5

definition of

3-10

specifications for

3-10

3-11

storage of

3-13

3-14

in gasoline

4-8

petrochemicals and

12-12

and synthetic rubber

1-35

toxicity of

3-35

n-Butane, properties of

1-33

Butanedicarboxylic acid

12-31

Butane-propane mixtures, definition of

3-11

specifications for

3-11

storage of

3-13

vapor pressures of

3-11

chart

3-6

Butanoic acid

12-32

Butanol

12-21

Butcher’s wrap

10-18

petrolatum and Butene 2-Butene

3-14

10-16

10-18

3-4

4-24

11-13

12-32

cis-2-Butene

3-4

trans-2-Butene

3-4

n-Butyl alcohol

12-31

Butyl carbinols

12-31

Butyl rubber

12-21

12-24

12-35

I-20

Index terms Butylene petrochemicals from

Links 3-9

12-32

12-20

12-21

n-Butylenes

12-21

Butyric acid

12-21

Bypass lines in burner installations

12-32

8-41

C Cable oils

1-2

Cadmium

2-33

corrosion of

5-19

Calcination of coke

14-10

Calcined coke, utilization of

14-15

chart

14-16

Calcined-coke anodes

14-16

Calciners, direct-fired

14-11

indirect-fired Calcium in fuel oil Calcium carbide

14-12

14-11 1-11

2-34

8-25 14-13

Calcium compounds

8-31

Calcium naphthenates

2-18

Calcium salts

2-36

Calcium sulfonate detergents

2-26

California

1-31

14-14

insecticides used in

11-31

11-32

weed control in

11-43

11-44

California crude oil

1-20

Calorific value

7-30

Cam lobe lubrication

9-28

I-21

Index terms Canada, aluminum capacity of catalytic reforming in gas turbine aircraft used in pesticide program in petrochemical plants in, table tar sands in

Links 14-16 12-22 5-10 11-47 12-4 1-6

Candlemaking

10-19

Carbamide

12-32

Carbenes in fuel oils

10-21

8-34

Carbide furnaces, raw materials for, table

14-14

Carbides, boron

14-14

calcium

14-13

14-14

production of

14-13

14-14

silicon

14-14

Carbolic acid Carbon, and chemistry of combustion crystalline forms of, table

12-37 8-39 14-12

Carbon atoms

1-9 12-12

Carbon bisulfide

12-32

Carbon black

1-2 15-1

definition of

15-1

manufacturing processes for

15-2

properties of, analytical, table

15-9

chemical

15-8

table

15-9

physical

15-7

table

15-8

sales of, graph

15-11

1-10

11-10

12-7

12-2

12-17

12-32

15-8

I-22

Index terms

Links

Carbon black (Continued) types of

15-2

classification of, table

15-6

uses and applications of

15-10

Carbon deposits, in aircraft gas turbine engines in light heating oils

5-15 7-28

7-34

Carbon dioxide

8-39

12-17

in flue gas

8-42

8-44

solubility of

5-21

(See also Carbon residue)

graph Carbon disulfide

5-23 12-17

Carbon-hydrogen ratios of refinery gases and liquids, table

14-3

Carbon monoxide

8-42

Carbon-paper production petrolatum and Carbon particles, discharge from stacks Carbon products

12-32

12-32

8-44

15-14 10-16 8-33 14-18

growth of, graph

14-18

outlets for

14-19

14-20

Carbon residue

6-8 7-40

6-9 8-15

6-12 8-19

table

8-25

tests for

7-35

7-36

tables

8-12

8-16

8-20

1-20

12-17

12-32

4-28

4-29

Carbon tetrachloride Carburetor engines, diesel engines and Carburetor icing

6-5 2-10

6-20

I-23

Index terms

Links

Carnauba wax

10-16

Carpet-making, wax used in

10-24

Casinghead gas Casinghead gasoline Casting wax Catalytic cracking coking and introduction of

10-23

3-7

3-8

1-32

3-7

10-23 8-35 14-4 8-2

Catalytic cracking feedstocks

14-4

Catalytic reforming

1-16

4-4

Catalysts

1-16

1-17

synthetic Ceiling-panel heating systems

1-16 7-16

Celluloid

12-34

12-36

Cellulose

12-34

12-37

Cellulose acetate products

12-29

12-38

Cement, carbon black used in

15-15

Cement industry

15-15

greases used in

9-100

residual fuel oil used in

14-13

Cement mixing test

13-10

Centipoises

7-33

Centistokes

9-8

Central-heating systems hot water domestic oil-fired

12-38

8-29

Cement kilns

table

4-5

9-8

7-34 7-15 7-16 7-17

7-18

7-3

7-4

9-9

12-22

I-24

Index terms

Links

Central-heating systems (Continued) installations of, in United States, graph

7-4

performance measurements for

7-21

steam

7-17

undersizing of

7-21

warm-air

7-15

Centrifugal separation in oil purification illustrated Centrifuge petrolatum Cetane index of diesel fuels calculated nomograph for Cetane number for diesel fuels improvers for Cetane value, ignition quality and CFR fuel coker test

7-16

7-20

1-18

1-19

6-6

6-14

6-20

9-138 9-138 10-3 6-6 6-11 6-10 1-18

2-15 6-6 5-19

Chain lubricants, table

9-103

Channel black

12-17

Channel process illustrated

12-32

15-2 15-3

Chassis lubricants

9-96

9-97

Check lists, additives

2-47

2-48

commercial petroleum products

1-40

reference data

16-2

specifications, products, by title, ASTM Federal Chemical intermediates Chemical polishing

16-25

16-26

16-27 12-31 2-35

12-33

15-2

6-12

I-25

Index terms Chemical-stability test for paraffin wax Chemical treatment in oil purification Chemicals as additives

Links 10-9

10-10

9-141 1-2 2-1

2-47

petrochemicals and

12-33

12-34

petroleum wax used in

10-22

used in refining Chevrolet engine tests Chicago Chimney corrosion Chlordane

1-11 2-5 14-13 11-35 1-24

Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons

2-29

Chlorinated organics

12-32

Chlorinated paraffins

12-24

Chlorinated solvents

11-40

Chlorinated waxes

12-32

Chlorination, paraffin wax used in

10-21

in automotive lubricants

14-20

7-36

Chlorex

Chlorine

2-48

2-40

11-37

11-39

12-32

2-41

9-30

Chloroallylene

12-30

Chlorobenzenes

12-31

Chlorocosane

12-32

Chloroethane

12-32

Chloroethylene

12-32

Chloroform

12-17

Chloropentane isomers

12-31

3-Chloropropene

12-30

Chloropropylene oxide

12-32

12-32 12-34 12-32

12-33

12-34

11-45

I-26

Index terms

Links

Chromatographic methods of testing LP-Gas

3-12

Circulating oils

9-58

record data for

9-60

requirements of, basic

9-59

application of, table

9-59

illustrated

9-59

Clay used in refining Clay-products machinery, greases for

3-13

1-17

1-22

9-101

9-102

1-26

Cleaners’ naphtha (see Dry-cleaning naphtha) Cleaning solutions, petrochemicals in

12-31

Clendenin, West Virginia

12-3

Cleveland Open Cup test for flash point

9-30

illustrated Cloud point, of automotive lubricants of diesel fuels

11-20

13-2 9-30 6-4

6-20

of kerosine

11-3

11-7

of residual fuel oil, tables

8-12

Clutch, fluidity and

9-23

CO2-stack temperature efficiency

7-22

Coadditives in heating oils

7-41

Coal, aromatics from

12-22

crude-oil substitutes from

1-6

as source of energy

1-2

Coal mining, greases used in

9-102

Coal oil (see Kerosine) Coal-tar aromatics Coal-tar carbon black Coastal crude oil Coating compounds

12-23 15-6 1-9 10-10

10-12

10-16

10-22

I-27

Index terms Cobalt bromide test for propane Cockroach spray test Coefficient of friction, of diesel fuel of lubricating oils

Links 3-9

3-10

11-41

11-42

6-7 9-19

Coke petroleum

1-2

1-8

14-1 for aluminum

14-16

consumption of, table

14-17

outlets for, chart

14-16

analysis of, table

14-17

and atomic energy

14-20

calcination of

14-10

calcined, utilization of

14-15

composition of, tests for metallurgical

14-9 14-14

production of, in United States

14-1

quality of

14-6

variables in, chart raw composition analysis of, table utilization of, chart

14-10

14-6 14-12 14-8 14-12

uses of

14-1

Coke briquettes

14-13

Coking chambers

1-28

Coking operations

14-1

atmospheric still

14-3

broad-oven

14-5

commercial, processes for

14-3

comparative data on, table

14-3

14-12

14-4

1-28

8-30

I-28

Index terms

Links

Coking operations (Continued) continuous constant

14-5

delayed

14-4

14-5

diagram

14-4

economics of

14-1

fluid

14-5

fundamentals of

14-2

installations, size of

14-9

production capacity of

14-5

14-6

quality and

14-7

14-9

transformations during, table

14-3

14-2 14-3

Cold engines, starting of

4-26

4-27

Cold settling in wax production

10-3

10-4

Color, of additives

2-4

of agricultural pesticides

11-45

of automotive lubricants

9-30

in aviation gasoline

2-12

of kerosine

11-3

tests for

11-6

11-7

7-40

7-41

of light heating oils effect of storage on, graph in motor gasoline of naphthas standards for, table

4-34

2-13

4-41

4-36

11-19 11-19 10-7

in textiles

10-23

for lubricants

11-48

7-42

of wax, test for Color stabilizers, for distillate fuel oils

11-47

10-24

1-21 2-48

Color test for natural gasoline

1-38

Colorless asphalt

1-27

1-28

4-42

I-29

Index terms

Links

Columbia University

14-20

Combination sprays

11-33

Combustion, and air-gasoline ratios

11-34

4-7

determination of

8-37

in diesel engines

1-17

1-18

in diesel fuels

6-4

6-5

6-7

in gas turbine engines

5-4

5-5

5-14

7-11

7-30

in gasoline engines

4-14

gravity and

4-33

heat of, in aircraft gas turbine fuels

5-14

in aviation gasoline

4-40

normal, chart

4-14

in oil burners

7-9

of residual fuels table

8-36 8-38

Combustion-chamber deposits, effect of

4-21

4-30

Combustion-chamber design of oil burners

7-10

7-11

Combustion efficiency, definition of

5-14

Combustion gases, dew point of

7-36

Combustion improvers

1-21

Combustion knock in diesel engines

7-37

6-6

Combustion systems for automotive diesel engines

6-22

Vogt two-phase, illustrated

6-25

gas turbine

5-4

5-5

Commercial benzol

2-8

Commercial butane, properties of

3-5

3-10

5-11

5-12

Commercial kerosine, inspection data on Commercial petroleum products (see Petroleum products)

5-15

I-30

Index terms Commercial propane, properties of Communication equipment, greases used for microcrystalline wax used in Compatibility of additives

Links 3-5

3-10

9-102 10-14 1-24

in fuel oil

2-14

in greases

2-27

“Competitive” grade oil

2-25

Compound diesel power plants

6-27

2-4

6-28

Compounded lubricating oils

1-2

Compounded oils and greases

1-25

1-26

Compression plants

3-7

3-8

Compression process, gas liquids

1-6

Compression ratio

2-2

in diesel engines

6-21

of low-quality fuels octane requirements vs., graph Compressor oils

2-3

6-5 4-21 9-49

air

9-50

9-51

evaporation rate of

9-51

9-52

flash point of

9-51

9-52

gas

9-51

9-52

refrigeration

9-52

9-53

requirement per cylinder, table

9-51

Condensation Condensers Conradson carbon test, distillate heating oils

1-12 10-22 7-2

lubricating oils

9-30

residual fuel oils, tables

8-12

Consistency, of asphalt

13-2

of lubricating grease

9-79

7-35

7-36

I-31

Index terms

Links

Consistency, of asphalt (Continued) of petrolatum

10-14

Construction equipment, greases for

9-102

Consumption, of asphalt

13-17

10-15

of automotive lubricants

9-2

of aviation gasoline

4-2

4-3

of diesel fuel

6-13

6-15

6-16

of fuel oil

7-49

7-50

16-83

of horticultural spray oils

11-34

of industrial naphthas

11-8

of kerosene

11-2

16-81

8-3

16-83

of residual fuel oils Contact insecticides

11-36

Containers, microcrystalline wax used for

10-14

Contamination, of aircraft gas turbine fuels

5-16

of diesel fuels

6-32

of electric-motor bearing oils

9-55

of light heating oils

7-47

of LP-Gas, avoidance of

3-36

of lubricating grease

9-87

of lubricating oils

9-127

degree of, table

9-126

effects of

9-128

of residual fuel oils Continuous bypass method of oil treatment Continuous-contact coking Continuous method of oil purification

8-23 9-130 14-5 9-130

Controlled bunkering

8-36

Convectors in oil heating

7-16

7-48

9-128

8-24

16-82

I-32

Index terms Copper, corrosion of, in aircraft fuel systems in fuel oils

Links 5-19 8-25

Copper deactivators

2-9

Copper mercaptides

7-40

Copper strip corrosion

6-13

9-30

9-104

9-105

5-19

5-20

Corn pickers, greasing of Corrosion, aircraft gas turbine engine fuel and chimney

7-37

determination of, in natural gasoline

1-38

diesel engine oils and

9-43

diesel fuels and

6-8

of domestic heating oil tanks

7-15

in residual fuel oils

8-12

spindle oil and

9-66

tanks

7-41

Corrosion inhibitors

additives for Corrosion preventives, petrolatum and Corry, Pennsylvania Cosmetics, petrolatum used in wax used in

6-13 8-29

8-31

8-41

1-19

2-9

2-10

2-13

2-15 12-38

2-17

2-26

5-20

2-32

2-33

2-47

10-16

10-17

10-1 10-15 10-21

Cotton, cyanoethylation of

12-30

Cotton pickers, grease for

9-105

9-106

1-10

1-11

catalytic

1-16

4-4

4-24

8-2

thermal

1-16 8-30

4-4

4-24

8-2

Cracking

I-33

Index terms

Links

Crankcase dilution

4-29

Crankcase lubrication

10-3

Crankcase oil improvers

2-18

4-30

Crankcase oils (see Motor oils) Crayon industry, petrolem wax and

10-27

10-28

Cresols

12-24

12-32

Cresylic acid

12-32

Crude heavy solvent naphtha, specifications for

11-27

Crude light solvent naphtha, specifications for

11-27

Crude oil for aircraft gas turbine fuel asphalt-base classification of

1-3 5-6

5-9

5-10

1-22 1-9

coke and

14-1

14-2

14-6

for diesel fuels

1-18

1-19

6-2

distillation of

1-11

refinery gases

3-9

for kerosine

1-20

mixed-base

1-18

1-22

1-3

1-9

paraffin-base

1-18

1-22

paraffins available from

2-36

and petrolatum

10-6

refining of

1-10

secondary recovery, use of LP-Gas in

3-27

for solvents

1-19

nature and composition of

as source of energy sulfur content of

1-20

1-2 8-31

8-32

1-10

6-12

I-34

Index terms

Links

Crude oil (Continued) for coking, table

14-8

United States, graph

8-32

water content of and wax world production of, tables fluctuation in Crude-oil reserves, in United States, table

1-6 10-1 1-3 1-4 1-5

world-wide, table

1-4

Crude-oil substitutes

1-6

Crude-oil supply in United States Crude scale wax Cryolite Crystalline wax

1-4

16-80 10-3 11-33 1-2

Crystallites, carbon

14-12

Cumene

12-20

12-22

Cutback, asphalt

1-27

13-5

Cutting fluids, additives for

2-39

classification of

2-39

composition and make-up of, table

2-40

making of

2-42

soluble oil

2-41

Cutting oils

9-72

12-32

2-43

characteristics of

9-72

function of

9-72

transparency of

9-72

9-73

Cycling plants

1-31

3-7

Cyclohexane

1-10

12-24

12-33

4-9

4-10

4-17

Cyclic hydrocarbons (see Aromatics)

Cycloparaffins

I-35

Index terms Cylinder oils

Links 1-22

Cylinders for LP-Gas transportation vaporizing capacity of, chart motor, lubrication of

3-24

3-25

3-29 9-27

D Dacron

12-23

12-37

Dairy cattle, sprays for

11-40

11-41

DDT

11-17

11-34

DEA (diethanolamine)

12-33

Deasphalting Decane in gasoline

1-23 4-8

n-Decane, table

1-33

Decarbonization, coking and

14-2

Degras

2-35

2-37

Degree-days

7-49

7-50

table Dehydrating agents

16-87 12-35

Deicing agents

2-10

Delayed-coker fractionator, diagram

14-4

Delayed coking

1-28

Demulsibility

9-45

Demulsibility test for liquid asphalt

13-9

Densite cokes analysis of, table Density, of automotive lubricants of naphthas and refractive index

11-39

2-11 14-4 13-10

14-15 14-15 9-30 11-18 4-11

11-19

14-5

11-46

I-36

Index terms

Links

Dental work, petroleum wax in

10-23

10-27

10-28

Deoiled slop wax

10-12

2-47

6-4

2-21

2-22

2-26

2-34

2-36

2-37

Detergents, synthetic

12-19 12-35

12-22

12-31

Deterioration of lubricating oils

9-127

9-128

9-128

9-129

Dew point of combustion gases

7-36

7-37

Dewaxing

1-23

1-26

Diazinon

11-35

Dibromoethane

12-34

Dibutyl phthalate

11-40

Dichloroethane

12-34

1,2-Dichloropropane

12-38

1,4-Dicyanobutane

12-30

12-33

Dieldrin

11-35

11-37

Deoiling

1-26

Dephenyl

12-31

Dermatitis, naphthas and

11-23

Desalting of residual fuels

2-17

Design temperatures

7-19

Detergency, of diesel-engine oil

9-42

of grinding oils

9-74

Detergent agents

1-24

(See also Detergent-dispersant inhibitors) Detergent alkylate Detergent-dispersant inhibitors used in oils

by oxidation

Dielectric constants of aircraft turbine fuels graph

12-33

5-21 5-23

2-32

11-39

2-47 12-33

I-37

Index terms

Links

Diesel-engine oils

9-41

corrosion and

9-43

detergency of

9-42

operating conditions for, table

9-41

oxidation resistance of

9-41

and sludge dispersion

9-42

tests for, table

9-42

viscosity of

9-42

Diesel engines

1-18

automotive

6-21

combustion systems for

6-4

crankcase oil for

9-4 6-4

marine

6-3

number sold in United States, table

6-5

6-13

6-24

8-29

6-2

6-13

8-29

2-15

2-16

6-30 6-31

problems of

6-5

railroad

6-1

residual fuel oil in

8-29

tractor, uses of

6-28

6-29

2-15

2-16

1-2

6-1

1-18 2-25

2-3

Diesel fuel starter fluids Diesel fuels additives for for automotive engines hydrocarbon composition of

6-3

6-29

lubricating oils for growth trends in

2-3

6-22

composition of fuel growth trends in field of

9-42

2-26

6-21 6-22

boiling range adjustment

1-19

cetane number and

1-18

cetane requirements for, graph

6-14

2-13

2-15

I-38

Index terms

Links

Diesel fuels (Continued) classification of

6-9

by grades

6-12

cloud point of

6-4

6-20

composition of

6-4

6-5

consumption of

6-15

16-82

graphs

6-13

6-15

definition of

6-3

distillation of

6-12

economics of

6-1

in herbicides

11-44

ignition quality of

6-5

limiting requirements for, table

6-9

making of

6-20

1-17

1-18

6-24

6-25

6-1

marine classification of table

6-25

economy

6-27

6-28

growth in use of

6-30

6-31

heavy, table

6-26

range characteristics of, table

6-26

for military vehicles

6-3

6-31

pour point of

6-4

6-13

6-20

price of

6-2

6-2

6-13

price index and properties of performance and for railroads quality of railroad cost reduction of, graph

6-14 6-4 6-5 6-18 1-18 6-1 6-17

6-2

I-39

Index terms

Links

Diesel fuels (Continued) natural gas as

6-19

propane as

6-18

6-19

types of

6-17

6-18

physical properties of, graph

6-18

selection of stocks for

1-18

1-19

shipping and handling of

6-31

6-32

16-35

16-37

6-3

6-4

6-13

6-12

6-20

specifications, Federal for stationary power plants

6-21 storage of sulfur content of taxed as motor fuel test methods for significance of

6-31 6-8 16-67 6-9 6-12

6-13

tractor

6-28

6-29

utilization of

6-13

viscosity of

6-8

Diesel index

7-30

Diesel knock

6-6

Diethanolamine Diethylene glycol

6-12

12-33 2-41

1,2-Dihydroxypropane

12-38

Di-isocyanates

12-22

12-33

11-9

12-34

Dimethyl benzene

12-33

12-39

1,2-Dimethyl benzene

12-37

1,3-Dimethyl benzene

12-36

1,4-Dimethyl benzene

12-37

Dimethyl carbinol

12-33

Diluents

12-35

6-20

6-20

I-40

Index terms Dimethyl ethylene Dimethyl formamide

Links 12-33 2-10

Dimethyl ketone

12-30

Dimethylamine

12-36

Dimethylaniline

12-36

Diolefins stability of Dipropylene glycol Direct hot-water heaters Dispensing of greases Dispersant additives

1-10 7-38 12-33 7-17

7-18

9-121

9-122

2-17 2-36 7-41

2-21 2-37 8-34

2-22 2-47 9-42

(See also Detergent-dispersant inhibitors) Distillate heating oils

7-1

contamination of

7-47

7-48

domestic oil tanks for

7-14

7-15

major use of

7-1

pour point of

7-27

sales in United States, graph

7-28

7-4

specifications for

7-24

stability of

7-37

viscosity of

7-33

(See also Degree-days) Distillate lubricating oils

1-22 1-2

1-8

1-21

additives for

1-21

2-14

2-15

boiling range for

1-12

straight-run

1-21

uncracked

8-34

Distillates

2-30 7-40

I-41

Index terms

Links

Distillates (Continued) (See also Diesel fuels; Light heating oils) Distillation, azeotropic of crude oil

1-19 3-9

of diesel fuels

6-12

6-20

of emulsified asphalt

13-7

13-8

of fuel oils, table

14-3

of industrial naphthas

11-12

of kerosine

1-20

large-scale

1-14

low-temperature fractional, of LP-Gas

3-12

of lubricating oils

1-22

1-23

of natural gasoline

1-38

11-12

table

14-3

of residual fuel oils

8-26

of straight-run gasoline, table

14-3

Distillation range, of insecticides

11-40

of kerosine

11-3

of naphthas

11-20

tests for

11-20

Distillation temperatures, average, table

4-26

Distillation tests, for gasoline volatility

4-25

for light heating oils

7-36

for residual fuel oil

8-12

Distribution, of crude oil

11-2

1-8

of industrial naphthas

11-14

of LP-Gas, storage and

3-14

Disulfides

1-17

2,6-Di-tertieryl-butyl-4-methyl phenol

2-33

“Doctor treatment”

1-17

11-5 11-21

1-9

I-42

Index terms Dodecane in gasoline

Links 4-8

Dodecene

12-19

12-38

Dodecyl benzene

12-23

12-33

7-17

7-18

Domestic hot-water heaters Dormant oils California type, tables Drake, Colonel Drake well

11-31 11-32 10-1 1-5

Drip gasoline

1-32

Drip or sight-feed oil cups

9-36

Dripping, lubricating grease and

9-89

Drugs, petrolatum used in

10-15

petroleum wax used in

10-21

Dry-cell carbon black

15-14

Dry cells, paper lining of

10-22

Dry-cleaning naphtha boiling range for

11-1

9-90

1-20

11-16

1-19

1-20

Dry gas

3-7

Dry ice

12-17

12-32

Dry waxing of paper

10-17

10-18

6-20

6-21

Dual-fuel operation of diesel engines pilot injection and, graph Dualayer Ducted-fan engines Ductility test for asphalt cement illustrated

6-21 1-17 5-3 13-3 13-3

Dusseldorf, Germany

12-2

Dutch East Indies

10-3

13-4

11-17

12-33 8-29

I-43

Index terms Dyes, for aviation gasoline

Links 4-42

for lubricants

2-48

for motor gasoline

4-36

(See also Color) Dynel synthetic fiber

12-10

E East Texas crude oil Eastern Europe, petroleum reserves in Edeleanu, L.

10-12 1-4 11-12

Edeleanu process

1-20

Efficiency of heating equipment

7-21

Elastomers compatibility of Electric-motor bearing oils

11-12

5-4 5-20 9-53

contamination of

9-55

grades of, table

9-54

pour test for

9-55

viscosity of

9-55

Electric motors, grease for

9-115

Electrical calcination of coke

14-10

Electrical equipment, microcrystalline wax used in

10-14

petrolatum and

10-16

petroleum wax and

10-22

10-23

5-21

5-22

Electrical properties of aircraft turbine fuels Electrical steel Electricity for home heating

14-19 7-4

7-5

rates for

7-7

7-8

table

7-7

I-44

Index terms Elemental sulfur

Links 1-17

Elevator-cable lubrication

9-115

Emulsification

11-45

insecticides and

11-30

Emulsified asphalts

13-5

specifications for, table Emulsifying oils

12-35

11-31

13-11 2-38

Emulsion concentrates

11-41

Enamels

12-39

2-47

12-35

12-37

2-8

Engine deposits, diesel

6-6

6-7

Engine knock, additives for

2-1

2-2

2-7

4-4

2-11 diesel

6-6

fuels for suppressing

1-15

1-36

gasoline and

4-13

4-14

mechanism of

4-14

occurrence of

4-14

4-15

octane number and

4-16

4-17

(See also Antiknock compounds) Engine oils

9-34

operating conditions for

9-35

selection of

9-35

Engine performance, deposits and

4-21

Engine stalling

4-28

Engine starting, diesel volatility and

6-6 4-26

Engine tests

9-29

Engine warm-up

4-29

diesel Engines (see Automobile engines; Motors)

9-36

6-6

4-27

I-45

Index terms Engler viscosities

Links 8-10

Enthalpy of aircraft turbine fuels graph of flue-gas components, chart

5-20 5-22 8-47

Epichlorohydrin

12-20

Epoxy resins

12-33

Epoxypropane

12-38

Epsom salts as fuel-oil additive Essotane Esters

12-33

2-18 3-1 2-29

dibasic acid

2-38

phosphoric acid

2-38

silicate

2-29

2-38

silicone

2-29

2-38

Ethanal

12-29

Ethane

1-10 3-8

1-32 11-10

1-33

3-2

12-3

12-12

12-16

12-17

petrochemicals and Ethanoic acid

12-29

Ethanol

12-19

12-33

4-37

4-38

Ethanolamines

12-19

12-33

Ethene

12-33

12-34

Ether

12-34

12-38

Ethanol gasoline blends

in starting fluids

2-16

Ethine

12-30

Ethyl acetate

12-34

Ethyl acetic acid

12-32

12-33 12-33

I-46

Index terms Ethyl alcohol

Links 12-2

12-7

12-19

12-33

12-34 denaturant for

12-36

Ethyl aldehyde

12-29

12-34

Ethyl benzene

12-19

12-22

Ethyl cellulose

12-34

Ethyl chloride

12-7

Ethyl ether

1-18

Ethyl ethylene

12-34

Ethyl hydroxide

12-33

Ethyl mercaptan

1-15

Ethylene

1-10 12-17

petrochemicals derived from, chart

12-18

production in United States

12-18

12-34

12-34

12-34 3-8 12-22

12-3 12-34

Ethylene alcohol

12-34

Ethylene bromide

12-34

Ethylene cyanhydrin

12-35

Ethylene deamine

12-34

Ethylene dibromide

12-19

12-34

Ethylene dichloride

12-7

12-19

12-34

Ethylene glycol

12-7

12-19

12-34

Ethylene oxide

12-18

12-19

12-34

2-Ethylhexyl sebacate

2-29

2-Ethylhexyl-silicate oil

2-29

Ethyne

12-30

Europe, calcined coke produced in

14-11

crude oil produced in

1-3

gas turbine aircraft engines used in

5-9

12-34

5-10

12-12

I-47

Index terms

Links

Europe, calcined coke produced in (Continued) marine diesel engines used in petroleum reserves in residual fuel oil viscosity specifications in shale oil recovery in Evaporation loss, of automotive lubricants of lubricating grease Evaporation rate, of compressor oils

6-30 1-4 8-10 1-6 9-30 9-81

9-82

9-51

9-52

of DDT solvent

11-46

of hexane

11-16

of naphthas

11-21

tests for

11-21

of toluene

11-17

of xylene

11-17

11-22

Exhaust smoke from aircraft gas turbine engines

5-15

Exotic fuels

1-19

2-14

11-23

11-24

in residual fuel oils

8-9

8-26

test for

8-9

Explosiveness, of naphtha-air mixtures

apparatus for, illustrated

8-10

Explosives

12-3

External heat exchangers in oil heating

7-18

Extract recycle in lube oil refining, chart

1-23

Extractants

12-35

Extraction processes, hexane and

11-16

Extreme-pressure additives

2-34

Extreme-pressure (EP) characteristics of lubricating grease

9-84

Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants

2-3

12-17

12-22

12-36

12-38

2-35

2-47

2-47

15-15

I-48

Index terms

Links

F Fab, detergent Fanning’s formula Far East, petroleum reserves in Farm machinery, greases for

12-19 3-30 1-4 9-104

Fatty acids

2-36

Fatty oils

2-36

Federal taxes (see Taxes) Ferrous metallurgy, additives in Ferrous metals for aircraft fuel systems Fertilizer carbon black used in

14-15

14-16

5-4 12-30

12-31

12-37 12-37

15-15

Fillers for oils and greases

1-25

9-76

Film strength of spindle oils

9-66

9-67

Filter materials for detergent-type oils

2-37

Filter presses

9-131

illustrated

9-132

Filtration, oil purification by

9-124

Finned-tube heaters

7-16

Fire boxes for oil burners, basic, illustrated

7-12

9-130

dimensions of, table

7-11

Fire-extinguishing agents

12-32

12-36

Fire hazard in handling LP-Gas

3-20

3-21

Fire point, of kerosine

11-5

of residual fuel oil, table Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids

8-25 2-38

Fireproofing agents

12-31

Fischer-Tropsch process

10-10

Five-degree xylene, specifications for

11-28

12-36

12-37

12-38

I-49

Index terms Fixed-bed Hydroforming

Links 12-22

Flame stability

5-15

Flammability, of aircraft turbine fuels

5-22

of hydraulic fluids of industrial naphthas table of pesticides Flamo Flash point, for asphalt cement

5-23

9-56 11-14

11-23

11-24 11-48

11-49

3-1 13-2

13-3

of automotive lubricants

9-30

9-31

of compressor oils

9-50

9-51

definition of

11-3

of diesel fuels

6-13

6-20

of distillate fuel oil

7-27

7-48

of emulsified asphalt

13-6

of horticultural oils

11-34

of kerosine

11-2

of naphthas

11-4

determination of

10-8

of residual fuel oil

8-12

Flexibility test for paraffin wax

8-25

10-9 11-37

Floor wax

10-10

Flue gas, analysis of

8-41

composition of

7-22

smoke and

7-23

heat content of

8-47

chart

11-19

12-30

Flit guns

8-47

7-49

11-43

11-20

of paraffin wax Flavorings

11-24

10-13

8-48

11-20

I-50

Index terms

Links

Flue gas, analysis of (Continued) humidity in

8-44

charts

8-45

temperature of

8-48

Fluid catalytic cracking process

1-16

Fluid coking

14-5

Fluid couplings Fluid-film and boundary lubrication points where encountered list of viscosity and limitation of Fluidity, and channeling of axle gears

9-1 9-25 9-26 9-20 9-20

9-21

9-23

9-24

9-24

in insulating oils

9-71

low temperatures and

9-22

in transmissions and axles

9-27

9-25

in clutch and brakes

of residual fuel oil

8-46

8-5

8-6

9-25

Fly sprays

11-31

11-36

tests for

11-41

11-42

Foamed padding and insulation Foaming resistance to

11-40

11-47

12-37 2-37

9-31

9-46

9-58

9-61

9-62

9-66

12-17

12-34

(See also Antifoaming agents) Food, petroleum wax as preservative of

10-26

Foodstuff processing, lubricating grease and

9-106

9-107

Force-feed oilers

9-37

Forced-air heating systems

7-15

7-16

Formaldehyde

12-3

12-7

Formalin

12-34

I-51

Index terms Formic acid Fouling, ash and of preheater surfaces

Links 12-34 8-32 8-36

Foundry coke

14-15

Fowl plucking, wax used in

10-27

Fractionation of coke

1-13

1-14

14-4

of natural gas liquids

3-6

3-7

of natural gasoline

3-8

3-9

flow chart

1-34

Free and Corrosive Sulfur in Petroleum Products test

11-23

Free piston compound diesel-engine marine power plant, illustrated

6-27

Free piston gassifier

6-28

illustrated Free water as aircraft fuel contaminator

6-27 5-16

Free World, calcined coke requirements of

14-16

crude oil, potential C5 and C6 paraffins available in

1-36

relative production and consumption of oil in, table

1-4

Freeport, Texas

12-3

Freezing point, for aviation gasoline

4-41

maximum, for aircraft gas turbine fuels

1-32

5-16

Freon

12-32

Fruit, petroleum wax coating of

10-26

Fruit trees, insecticides for

11-30

FT waxes

10-10

Fuel, coke as

14-12

11-31 14-13

11-12

I-52

Index terms

Links

Fuel coke (see Coke) Fuel consumption in diesel engines, power and Fuel costs, diesel, comparative reductions in, graph Fuel gas

6-7 6-17 1-2

Fuel-line filters

7-37

changing of

7-39

density of

7-39

efficiency of, graph

7-39

plugging of

7-38

tests on sediment removal, graph

7-39

Fuel metering control for turbine engines

5-3

7-39

7-42

5-4

Fuel oil (see Distillate heating oils; Heating oils; Kerosine; Residual fuel oil) Fuel oil demand meter Fuel pumps for turbine engines

7-50 5-3

Fuel sensitivity in motor gasoline

4-17

4-18

Fuel stocks for diesel fuels

1-18

1-19

Full-fluid lubrication

2-19

Fuller’s earth

10-3

Fumes, diesel fuel

6-7

Fumigants

12-33

12-35

Fungicides

11-30

11-34

petrochemicals and Furfural Furnace black improvement of

11-44

12-36 1-24

7-40

12-17

12-32

15-4

Furnace coke

14-14

14-15

Furnace oils

6-13

6-14

12-34

15-3

I-53

Index terms Furnaces, central heating

Links 7-15

7-16

open-hearth, fuel oils used in

8-28

8-29

selection of size of, table

7-20

sizing of

7-18

Furol viscosity

8-23

multipliers for, table

8-27

Say bolt Furol viscosity test

13-7

9-13

G Gaging of LP-Gas shipments

3-30

Gas compressors lubricants for table

9-51

9-52

9-52

Gas-enrichment oils

8-30

Gas-furnace blacks

15-3

15-4

Gas-furnace process

15-3

15-4

illustrated Gas heat, absorption efficiency for, tables competition from Gas oils Gas solubility of aircraft turbine fuels graph

15-4 7-24 7-21

7-22

12-24 5-21 5-23

Gas turbine aircraft fuels (see Aircraft turbine fuels) Gas turbine aircraft greases

2-29

Gas turbine engines, aircraft first commercial airline use of

5-9

lubricant additives

2-28

bearings and gears in

5-6

combustion systems of

5-4

5-10

5-5

I-54

Index terms

Links

Gas turbine engines, aircraft (Continued) illustrated

5-4

fuel system of

5-3

illustrated

5-4

lubrication system for residual fuel oil for supplementary fuel injection for Gas wells Gaskets, nonmetallic, types of Gasoline

5-4

5-6 8-29

8-30

5-5

5-6

1-5 9-22 1-2

1-6

1-8

1-9

1-27 additives for functions of table

2-6 4-34 2-7

air mixture in

4-7

ratios for

4-7

analysis of

4-10

by types of hydrocarbons antiknock additives

4-34

4-10

4-11

1-15

1-36

4-4

4-12

2-1

2-2

2-7

2-8

1-15

1-16

4-4

4-34 automotive (see Motor gasoline) aviation (see Aviation gasoline) chemical composition of cracking of

4-8 1-11 4-24

from crude petroleum, chart

4-6

gravity as criterion of

4-4

high-octane components of

4-5

4-6

importance of

4-1

4-2

16-77

16-78

inspection, state

I-55

Index terms

Links

Gasoline (Continued) kerosine and

4-3

marine (see Marine gasoline) natural (see Natural gasoline) performance requirements of petrochemicals in processing of, composition and production in United States

4-6 12-35 4-24 4-1

chart

4-5

new methods in

4-3

properties of

1-15

reforming of

4-4

taxes, Federal

4-2

4-5

16-67

refund procedures

16-67

16-68

state

16-67

16-68

tentative specifications for

4-48

tractor (see Tractor fuel) uses of volatility of

4-2 4-24

measurement of

4-25

and mileage

4-30

4-31

seasonal requirements of

4-25

4-26

specifications for

4-48

4-50

Federal, automotive unleaded

16-28 16-31

16-32

starting and

4-26

4-27

tail-end

4-30

Gasoline dyes Gasoline engines

2-12 2-3

crankcase oil for

9-4

induction system for, diagram

4-6

2-13

4-24

I-56

Index terms Gear boxes, foaming in lubricants and additives for Gear lubrication types of lubricants for, table Gear oils, industrial

Links 2-37 2-30 2-35 9-48 9-64

9-65

speed and

9-64

9-65

table, gear lubricants

9-48

temperature control and

9-65

multipurpose testing

2-5

Gear teeth, contact of

9-17

lubrication of Gears, axle, channeling in hypoid

9-27 9-23

9-24

2-35

lubrication of (see Gear lubrication; Gear oils) speed reduction types of, illustrated for turbine engines worm-gear lubrication Gels, formation of, in fuel oils as tackiness agents Generator output, thermal efficiency and, graph Geneva, New York Germany carbon black in coke production in

9-47 9-47 5-6 9-41 2-15 2-37 6-17 11-32

11-33

12-2 15-6 14-11

Germicides for soluble oils

2-43

Gilsonite

14-4

Girdler natural-gas purification process

9-48

12-36

14-15

I-57

Index terms

Links

GL-4 automotive gear lubricants, additive for Glassmaking machinery, grease for

2-35 9-107

Gloss test for paraffin wax

10-9

Glossaries, of LP-Gas industry terms

3-40

of petrochemicals of petroleum trade terms

12-29 17-1

Glycerin

12-34

Glycerol

12-34

Glycol

12-34

“Good” grade oil

2-25

Grain alcohol

12-33

Graphite

14-18

reactor-grade as solid lubricant

2-38 2-39

Graphite molds

14-19

Graphite products

14-18

growth of, graph

14-18

outlets for

14-19

diesel fuels and of gasoline, and heat of combustion

14-19

14-20

Graphite grease

Gravity, of automotive lubricants

9-108

2-39

14-20

9-30 6-5 4-33

8-37

table

14-3

unimportance of

4-33

of kerosine fractions

11-2

of light heating oils

7-25

7-26

11-18

11-19

of residual fuel oil

8-12

8-25

specific heat and

8-48

8-49

of naphthas

7-29 8-42

8-44

I-58

Index terms

Links

Gravity, of automotive lubricants (Continued) table

8-38

(See also Specific gravity) Gravity corrections for LP-Gas

3-34

Gravity-type filters, illustrated

9-130

9-131

9-121

9-122

Grease (see Lubricating grease) Grease guns Great Britain, aircraft gas turbine fuel development in LP-Gas sold in residual fuel specifications in

5-6 3-1 8-10

Grinding oils

9-73

Gross heating value of fuel oil

8-36

Gulf Coast oil in rating VI

2-31

Gum formation

2-26

in gasoline, inhibitors tests for determination of Gum-stable gasoline Gun burners carbon deposits in Gushers Gypsy moth control

9-74

2-8

2-9

4-42

5-18

4-31

4-32

4-32 7-9

7-32

7-34 1-3 11-47

H Hanford Plutonium Project

14-20

Health uses of microcrystalline wax

10-14

Heat, specific, of fuel oils

2-12

8-48

vapor lock and

4-28

of vaporization, aircraft turbine fuels

5-20

8-49

7-37

4-31

I-59

Index terms

Links

Heat, specific, of fuel oils (Continued) graph

5-21

(See also Combustion) Heat-exchange fluids Heat loss

12-38 7-19

of asphalt cement

13-3

to flue gas

8-47

Heating, distillate oils residual fuel oil

7-20 8-48

7-1 8-27

(See also Home heating) Heating equipment, absorption or running efficiency of

7-22

Heating equipment, seasonal efficiency of

7-21

thermal efficiency of Heating oil industry

7-21 7-21

comparative, fuel costs in

7-5

competitive fuels in

7-4

future of

7-8

status of

7-3

Heating oils, additives for

2-14

distillate (see Distillate heating oils) heating value of

8-36

light (see Light heating oils) residual (see Residual fuel oil) (See also Kerosine; No. 1 to No. 3 under Number) Heating value of fuel oils

8-36

graph

8-39

of petroleum products, table

7-22

7-31

7-5

2-15

I-60

Index terms

Links

Heavy-duty oils (see Motor oils) Heavy fuel oils (see Residual fuel oil) Heavy mineral spirits, specifications for Heptane in gasoline industrial uses of n-Heptane

11-25 1-32

2-16

4-8

4-16

11-17 1-33

Heptane Number of Hydrocarbon Solvents test Herbicides

11-22 11-34

definition of

11-30

nonselective

11-42

selective

11-42

examples of, table

11-44

toxicity of

11-42

use of

11-42

Hesselman engine

12-31

n-Hexadecane (C16H34}

1-18

Hexahydrobenzene

12-33

Hexamethylene

12-33

Hexamethylene diamine

12-30

Hexamethylene tetramine

12-34

in gasoline industrial uses of n-Hexane

1-32 4-8 11-16 1-33

Hexanedinitrile

12-30

Hexanedioic acid

12-30

High-boiling aromatic pressure tar

11-43

1-18

Hexachlorocyclohexane

Hexane

12-37

14-5

11-9

11-9

I-61

Index terms High-boiling solvents High-cetane fuels High-octane gasoline components of High-pressure gun burners illustrated

Links 11-46

11-47

6-6

6-7

6-13 4-5

High-temperature hydraulic fluid additives

2-29

High-VI constituents

1-22 7-5

7-2

electricity for

7-4

7-5

natural gas for

7-4

7-5

11-31 11-34

Hot-water heaters

7-17

Hot-water heating systems

7-16

Houdry, Eugene J. Houdry cracking process

7-18

4-4 1-16

Household appliances, grease for

9-108

Household oils

9-108

Houston, Texas

12-3

Humidity in air and flue gases

8-44

Hydraulic brake fluid, additives for

12-35

13-14 7-1

consumption of, in United States

12-34

1-24

distillate oils for

Horticultural spray oils

12-38

7-10 1-18

Home heating, comparative fuel costs for

12-31

7-9

High-speed engines

Highway construction, asphalt and

4-6

2-29 12-38

effects of

9-57

flammability resistance of

9-56

function of

9-56

operating conditions for

9-57

9-109

2-31

9-58

I-62

Index terms

Links

Hydraulic brake fluid, additives for (Continued) viscosity range of, table

9-57

Hydraulic oils

1-21

Hydraulic system

9-58

Hydraulic torque converter fluids Hydraulic valve lifters

9-1 2-20

Hydrazine

12-35

Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products test

11-22

Hydrocarbons in aircraft gas turbine fuel aromatic

1-12

2-21

3-7

5-10 1-19

1-20

4-17

12-12

1-33

4-5

12-21 in crude oil

1-9

1-10

in gasoline

4-16

4-17

in light heating oils

7-29

in LP-Gas

3-1

flammable range of, chart

3-2

olefin

3-3

physical constants of, table paraffin physical constants of, table properties of physiological toxicity of in naphthas

3-4

3-4 3-3 3-3 3-2 3-35 3-35 11-9

distillation ranges for, chart

11-15

flammability of

11-23

11-24

1-6 4-6

1-32

in natural gas

I-63

Index terms

Links

Hydrocarbons (Continued) nonaromatic in petrochemicals physical properties of, tables in petrolatum from petroleum, table pure octane numbers of, table saturated

12-14 12-2

12-7

12-13

12-14

10-4 3-2 4-16 4-23 12-12

as solvents

11-8

sulfonated

1-20

in synthetic wax unsaturated

10-10 1-10

1-15

1-20

3-13

7-37

12-12

Hydrochloric ether

12-34

Hydrocyanic acid

12-35

Hydrodynamic lubrication

9-14

9-15

Hydrodynamic pressure

9-14

9-15

fluid-film behavior and, illustrated Hydroforming Hydrogen in flue gas

9-15 11-13 1-10 8-42

8-44

in petrochemicals

12-23

12-24

in residual fuel oil

8-37

and chemistry of combustion Hydrogen atoms

8-39 1-9

Hydrogen cyanide

12-17

Hydrogen sulfide

1-15

determination of, in LP-Gas in natural gasoline

12-12

3-13 1-38

12-35 3-33

12-35

1-21

I-64

Index terms

Links

Hydrogen sulfide (Continued) in petrochemicals

12-23

Hydrogenation

1-12

of fuel oils

7-40

of natural gasoline

1-17

Hydroquinone

2-33

Hypersorption

3-8

Hypoid gearing oils

2-30

Hypoid gears

2-35

12-35

I Ice-machine oil

9-52

Idling, stalling and

4-28

Ignition

2-11

9-53

burners for oil heating

7-10

diesel engine

2-15

2-16

6-4

6-5

4-22

4-23

diesel fuels and surface, deposits in gasoline engines Ignition delay

6-7

Ignition quality of diesel fuels

6-5

cetane value and

6-6

Ignition sources, aircraft gas turbines

5-5

Illinois, University of, home heating experiments at

7-6

Illuminating oil (see Kerosine) Inboard engines, marine gasoline for

4-42

Incompatibility of residual fuel oil

8-35

Indirect hot-water heaters

7-17

Indium in aircraft fuel systems Indoor design temperature

5-4 7-19

4-43 7-18

6-20

I-65

Index terms

Links

Induction motors, flow diagram for oiling of

9-55

Industrial aromatics specifications for, benzene

11-26

toluene

11-27

xylene

11-28

11-28

Industrial circulating oils (see Circulating oils) Industrial-grade benzene, specifications for

11-26

Industrial-grade toluene, specifications for

11-28

Industrial lubrication

9-34

circulating oils

9-58

compressor oils

9-49

cutting oils

9-72

diesel-engine

9-41

electric-motor bearing

9-53

gear

9-64

hydraulic fluid

9-56

instrument

9-67

9-68

insulating oils

9-71

9-72

machine and engine

9-34

metalworking oils

9-72

oil-spray

9-70

pneumatic tool

9-68

speed reduction gear

9-47

spindle oils

9-65

steam cylinder oils

9-37

steam turbine

9-43

transformer oils

9-71

wire-rope

9-62

9-65

9-71

9-72

I-66

Index terms Industrial naphthas

Links 11-8

blending of

11-14

chemistry of

11-9

consumption growth

11-8

distillation range of

11-15

distribution of

11-14

flash point of

11-4

history of

11-8

manufacture of

11-19

11-13

mineral spirits

11-12

in herbicides

11-43

specifications for

11-25

11-24

11-18

color

11-19

distillation range

11-20

11-21

evaporation rate

11-21

11-22

gravity and density

11-18

11-19

solvency

11-22

sulfur content

11-22

11-23

volatility

11-19

11-20

production of

11-8

refining of

11-9

safety precautions for solvents as additives for agricultural pesticides aromatic

11-23

11-24

1-2

8-34

2-2 11-44 1-19

aromatic petroleum

11-37

chlorinated

11-40

cleaners’ (see Dry-cleaning naphtha)

11-20

11-12

diagram

physical and chemical tests for

11-16

11-9

11-17

I-67

Index terms

Links

Industrial naphthas (Continued) definition of

11-9

hydrocarbons as

11-8

lacquer nonaromatic or aliphatic

11-17 1-19

petrochemicals as

12-30

rubber

11-17

specifications for

11-25

1-20

11-29

Stoddard (see Stoddard solvent) toluene in

12-22

used in refining

1-11

1-24

used in wax production

10-2

10-3

specifications for

11-14

11-25

standardization of

11-15

table

11-18

storage and handling

11-14

toxicity of

11-23

table

11-24

uses of

11-9

11-15

vapors, safety precautions

11-23

VM & P

11-12

11-17

2-30

2-47

Industrial oils, additives for applications for, list of, table

2-30

functions of

2-31

Inhibitors (see Additives) Injection nozzles for turbine engines

5-3

5-4

Ink black (see Carbon black) Inks carbon blacks in Inner tubes, petroleum wax used in

12-32 15-12 10-25

15-14

2-48

I-68

Index terms

Links

Inorganic chemistry

1-27

Inorganic petrochemicals

12-7

statistics on

12-11

Insect repellants

12-36

Insecticidal oils

1-28

Insecticides aerosol and pressure packaged

11-37

examples of, table

11-39

sales of, graph and table

11-38

used by armed forces, table

11-40

agricultural use of

11-31

definition of

11-30

history of

11-30

household

11-34

chemicals used in, table

11-35

sales of

11-49

table

11-49

testing of

11-41

liquid, action of

11-50 11-42

11-36

sales of

11-49

used by armed forces, table

11-40

11-50

petrochemicals in

12-31

12-36

petroleum-product

11-40

11-41

sales of, charts

11-50

synthetic

11-34

Instability characteristic, of light heating oils

7-38

of residual fuel oil

8-33

Instantaneous heaters

7-18

Instrument oils

1-28

for aircraft

2-28

9-67

9-68

I-69

Index terms

Links

Instrument oils (Continued) application of

9-68

selection of

9-68

service performance of

9-67

for watches

1-28

Instruments, lubricating grease for

9-108

Insulating oils

1-21

fluidity of

9-71

handling of

9-71

moisture and

9-71

Insulation, petroleum wax and

2-28 9-71

9-72

9-72

10-22

Insurance companies, LP-Gas safety standards of

3-18

Integral coils for water heaters

7-18

Interfacial tension test for turbine oils

9-44

Intermediate naphthas production of Internal-combustion engines, gasoline for Iodoform Iron in residual fuel oil Isobutane Isobutanol Isobutene

11-12 4-6 12-34 8-25 1-9

1-16

1-33

3-2

3-9

4-6

11-13

12-12

12-21

12-35

3-4

12-35

12-35

Isobutyl alcohol

12-17

Isobutyl aldehyde

12-35

Isobutylenes Isodecyladipates

9-45

11-11

Isobutyl acetate

Isobutylene polymers

3-19

12-21

12-35

12-20

12-21

2-23 12-12 2-28

12-35

I-70

Index terms Isomerization

Links 1-12

1-16

1-36

1-37

1-9

1-10

Isooctane

1-16

4-16

Isooctyl

2-28

12-24

natural gasoline Isomers

Isooctyle alcohol Isoparaffins octane numbers of

1-17

11-13

12-35 4-6

4-24

4-23

Isopentane

1-36

3-2

3-3

Isopentene

12-24

Isophthalic acid

12-23

12-35

12-36

Isoprene

12-21

12-24

12-35

Isopropanol

2-10

12-19

12-35

Isopropyl alcohol

2-10

12-2

12-3

12-19

12-35

Isopropyl benzene

12-32

Isopropyl carbinol

12-35

Isotherms of winter outdoor design temperature, graph

7-19

J Japan, coke production in

14-11

Jet fuels (see Aircraft turbine fuels) Jet planes, grease for

9-99

Jewel bearing oils

2-29

Johnson, M. L.

7-50

Johnson meter

7-50

Joint compounds

9-98

Jolly balance

11-22

9-100

9-99

12-24

12-7

I-71

Index terms

Links

Journal and bearing contacts

9-19

Journal-bearing greases

9-92

Journal lubrication

9-8

9-15

9-16

June green beetles

11-31

9-19

11-22

11-46

1-2 8-1

1-8

1-20

1-27

2-13

2-14

5-6

5-9

K K factor Kari-Butanol test Kennedy injection system Kerosine as aircraft turbine fuel

7-50 11-11 6-24

5-10 boiling range for

1-12

burning point of

11-2

11-3

cloud point of

11-3

11-7

color of

11-3

11-6

commercial aircraft turbine

5-11

5-12

consumption of

11-2

table definition of

11-2

16-81

11-2

and diesel fuel

6-2

distillation of

11-2

11-3

distillation range of

11-3

11-5

fire point of

11-5

flash point of

11-3

gasoline and

4-3

gravity of as heating oil burning qualities of

11-2 7-2 7-35

7-28

11-7

I-72

Index terms

Links

Kerosine (Continued) contamination of

7-47

volatility of

7-36

as herbicide history of

11-43

11-44

11-1

as insecticide

11-30

11-31

inspection, state

16-77

16-78

production of table specifications for Federal tables state safety inspection of table

12-31

12-36

6-20

7-33

7-34

11-3 16-33

16-34

11-3

11-4

11-3

11-4

11-4

sulfur content of

11-3

limitation of

11-6

tests for, burning

11-5

uses for

11-1

viscosity of

11-5

11-2

12-30 1-24

Kilns, cement, using coke

14-13

residual fuel oil used in

8-29

Kinematic viscosity

5-16

conversion tables

9-9

defined

9-8

Knock, airplane engine

4-38

automobile engine

4-13

in combustion chamber, illustrated

12-21

11-2

11-3

methyl ethyl

11-40

11-2

storage of, color and

Ketones, dimethyl

11-35

4-15

I-73

Index terms Knock-test methods, Borderline road

Links 4-19

Motor, laboratory

4-17

Research, laboratory

4-17

Uniontown road

4-18

4-20

4-19

(See also Octane numbers)

L Lacquer solvent

11-17

Lacquers

12-31

carbon blacks in Laminates

12-39

15-14 12-33

12-37

Lamp black (see Carbon black) Lamp oil (see Kerosine) Lanova combustion chamber

1-18

Lard oil

2-38

2-40

Larvicides

11-34

Laundry machinery, grease for

9-108

9-109

Laws on pesticides

11-48

11-49

Lead, in aircraft fuel systems in residual fuel oils

5-4 8-25

Lead deposits

4-35

Lead halides

2-11

Lead naphthenate

2-34

Lead oleate

2-34

Lead oxide

1-17

4-35

Lead soaps

2-34

2-35

Lead sulfonates

2-11

Lean-mixture rating of aviation gasoline

4-39

4-40

10-14

11-16

Leather oil and wax

2-35

11-17

I-74

Index terms

Links

Lethane

11-35

Lifetime lubrication

9-121

Light heating oils (distillates)

7-23

additives for

7-40

burning qualities in

7-28 7-29 7-34

consumption of

7-49

7-50

delivery of

7-49

7-50

filter-plugging test apparatus for, illustrated

7-44

handling and safety of

7-46

hydrocarbon composition of

7-29 7-2

7-28

one-day gel test apparatus for, illustrated

7-45

7-46

requirements for, table

7-26

specifications for

7-24

competitive

7-27

Federal

16-38

military

7-28

Pacific, table

7-27

stability in

11-40

7-41

carbon deposits of

kerosine used as

11-39

1-2

absorption efficiency of, table

properties affecting, table

11-36

16-82

7-34

7-36

7-30

7-37

color and

7-40

control of

7-40

lack of

7-38

measurement of

7-41

7-41

sulfur content of

7-36

7-37

tests for

7-25

7-27

7-28

7-33

7-38

7-41

viscosity of

7-31

volatility of

7-36

I-75

Index terms Light lubricating oils

Links 1-2

Lighthouse oil (see Kerosine) Limit switches

7-14

Lindane in insecticides

11-35

11-40

11-41

Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer

11-19

Liquefied halogenated hydrocarbon gases

11-38 1-2

1-6

1-32

additives for

2-2

2-6

commercial, properties of

3-4

Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas)

composition of

1-14

contamination of, avoidance of

3-36

1-15

definition of

3-1

distillation of

3-12

distribution of

3-21

by cylinders

3-24

3-25

by pipelines

3-21

3-22

by tank cars

3-23

3-24

by tank trucks

3-24

by tankers and barges

3-22

glossary of terms used for

3-40

handling of

3-13

3-20

history of

3-1

3-2

hydrocarbons in

3-2

toxicity of

3-35

losses, checking for

3-36

maximum performance from

3-35

odorization of

3-5

production and treatment of

3-6

economics of

3-9

recovery of, flow sheet

3-8

3-6

3-36

I-76

Index terms

Links

Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) (Continued) table refinery LP-Gas

3-7 3-9

rules, regulations, and standards for

3-18

3-35

sampling of shipments

3-32

3-33

specifications for

3-10

3-11

storage of

3-13

3-19

sulfur in

3-10

3-11

tanks for, installation of

3-14

distance requirements for, chart taxes state, when used as motor fuel

3-34

as tractor fuel

4-44

trade names for

3-1

transportation of

3-16

utilization of

3-25

growth of

3-26

performance characteristics of

3-26

for recovery of crude oil

3-27

sales in United States, table

3-26

table of

3-25

vapor pressure of

3-10

weights, assessed

3-34

Liquid fuel additives

3-32

3-27

3-11

13-5 2-6 1-25

Liquid products from natural gasoline

1-30 1-31

3-33

3-22

3-9

“Liquid greases” definition of

3-35

16-67 3-11

Liquid asphalts

3-27

3-16

test methods for

Liquefied refinery gas (LR-Gas)

3-36

1-26

3-29

I-77

Index terms

Links

Lithium-soap-silicone-fluid grease

2-29

Lithium stearate

2-29

Lithographic ink, carbon black in

15-12

Livestock dips

11-41

Livestock sprays

11-40

Load-carrying capacity, of circulating oils of lubricating grease illustrated of oil film

15-14 11-41

9-60 9-86 9-86 9-15

9-17

9-16

9-17

Logging machinery, grease for

9-109

9-110

“Lost” wax casting

10-23

illustrated

Louisiana, natural gas in oil wells in

1-31 1-5

Low-ash-fuel-delayed coke

14-12

Low-ash fuel-fluid coke

14-13

Low-cetane fuels Low-pressure air atomizing burners Low-pressure gun burners

6-6

14-13 6-7

7-11 7-9

7-12

Low-temperature fractional distillation

3-12

Low-temperature handling of aircraft gas turbine fuels

5-15

5-16

Low-VI constituents

1-22

1-24

LP-Gas (see Liquefied petroleum gas) LP refinery gas

3-9

LR-Gas (see Liquefied refinery gas) Lubricants, functions of, as seal petrochemicals and

9-21 12-35

9-22

9-19

I-78

Index terms Lubricating grease additives for

Links 1-2

1-25

2-2 2-39

2-3 2-47

table

9-76

for aircraft

9-99

table

9-100

analysis of

9-84

application and frequency of

9-87

for automotive vehicles

9-96

table for cement plants characteristics of, block or brick, table

9-85

9-97 9-100

9-101

9-88

extreme-pressure

9-84

performance, table

9-87

table of

9-77

undesirable, table

9-79

valve and plug valve, table

9-98

for clay-products machinery

9-101

in coal mining

9-102

in communications apparatus

9-102

comparative chart for

9-105

compatibility in

9-122

consistency classification of, table

9-100

9-102

9-77

for construction equipment

9-102

contamination of

9-121

9-122

defects of

9-78

9-79

evaluation of

9-79

for farm machinery fillers for, table in foodstuff handling functions of

9-104 9-76 9-106

9-107

9-78

9-79

2-18 2-48

2-27 9-75

I-79

Index terms

Links

Lubricating grease (Continued) for glassmaking machinery

9-107

9-108

handling of

9-121

9-122

for household appliances

9-108

for instrument lubrication

9-108

for laundry machinery

9-108

9-109

for logging and sawmill machinery

9-109

9-110

in machine-tool operations

9-110

9-111

manufacture of

1-22

in mining and quarrying

9-111

mixing of, effect of, table

9-98

multifunctional or multipurpose

9-99

table in nuclear power plants vs. oil reasons for using, table

9-91 9-115

9-116

9-78

9-79

9-80

for oil-field equipment

9-113

for paper-mill lubrication

9-114

for printing machinery

9-115

in public buildings

9-115

9-114

purchase of, on specifications

9-75

9-76

for railroads and rolling stock

9-116

9-117

for rubber-plant machinery

9-116

secondary, qualities of table selection of

9-90 9-89 9-85

for moist conditions

9-87

oil for, table

9-85

for ships

9-117

solid, table

9-101

special

9-120

9-121

9-78

I-80

Index terms

Links

Lubricating grease (Continued) specific, availability of table of characteristics of specifications for, table

9-90

9-91

9-90 9-77

for steel mills

9-117

9-118

storage of

9-121

9-122

test methods for table

9-79 9-80

for textile mills

9-119

trends in

9-121

9-120

Lubricating oils

1-2

1-8

additives for

1-24

1-25

automotive oils

2-18

guide to use of

2-42

industrial oils

2-30

specification of

2-24

(See also Additives) asphalt and wax removal from

1-22

1-23

cloud point of

9-30

color of

9-30

distillation of

1-22

vs. lubricating grease

9-78

modern refining of

1-23

1-24

pour point of

9-55

9-70

reclaiming of

9-124

by centrifugal separation

9-138

by chemical treatment

9-141

by filtration

9-124

9-130

9-140

9-141

magnetic filters by vacuum dehydration sulfur in

9-135 9-31

1-9

1-21

I-81

Index terms

Links

Lubricating oils (Continued) types of

1-21

1-22

detergent

6-4

9-42

viscosity of

2-19

2-20

2-32

9-10

9-36

9-42

9-48

9-55

1-21 9-11

1-22

1-24

9-10

continuous

9-69

9-70

hydraulic fluids and

9-56

9-57

viscosity index for Lubrication, boundary (see Boundary lubrication)

industrial (see Industrial lubrication) problems in, corrections for, table

9-89

simplification of

9-91

of textiles by wax

10-23

two kinds of

10-24

9-20

Lubrication system for aircraft turbine engines

5-6

illustrated

5-5

M Machine oils

9-34

operating conditions for

9-35

selection of

9-35

9-36

9-110

9-111

Machine-tool operations, lubricating grease and Magnesium, in crude oil

1-11

in residual fuel oils

8-25

in turbine fuel systems

5-4

Magnesium compounds

8-30

Magnesium naphthenates

2-18

8-33 8-31

I-82

Index terms

Links

Magnesium sulfate

2-18

Magnetic oil filters

9-140

9-141

illustrated

9-140

Malaria control

11-34

11-37

Malathion

11-35

11-39

Maleic anhydride

12-22

12-31

Maleic hydrazide

11-44

MAN combustion system illustrated Manganese in residual fuel oils

6-22 6-24 8-25

Manufactured gas, absorption efficiency of, table

7-24

Marginal wells

1-5

Marine diesel engines

6-3

6-13

free piston, compound, illustrated

6-27

fuels for

6-24

8-29

4-3

4-42

Marine gasoline antiknock quality of

4-43

for inboard engines

4-42

4-43

octane requirement

4-43

4-44

for outboard engines

4-42

oxidation stability of

4-44

power requirements of, graph

4-43

Marketing regions for residual fuels

8-11

Markets for natural gasoline, research in

1-35

Marsh gas (see Methane) Mass spectrometry

3-12

Matches, petroleum wax used in

10-22

MEA (monoethanolamine)

12-36

Medicinal oils (see White oils)

11-46 12-36

I-83

Index terms Medium-speed diesel engines

Links 1-18

MEK (see Methyl ethyl ketone) Melting point, of microcrystalline wax of motor oil waxes of paraffin

10-11 10-12 10-7

synthetic

10-10

of petrolatum

10-15

of wax

10-13 10-17

5-19

Mercaptans, conversion of

1-17

determination of, in natural gasoline

1-38

elimination of

1-20

1-21

2-6

3-13

Mercaptide gels in heating oils

7-39

7-49

Mercedes-Benz combustion system

6-24

Meta isomers

12-32

Metal casting, petroleum wax and

10-22

Metal deactivators

1-19 2-15

1-21 2-47

Metal soaps

2-27

2-34

soluble, ash and

6-13

Metallic compounds in residual fuel oils

2-17

2-18

Metallic constituents of coke

14-6

14-7

table

14-8

Metallurgical coke (see Coke) Metals catalytic effect of, in lubricating oils in residual fuel oils Metalworking oils function of

10-22

2-9 4-36

2-13

1-26

Mercaptan sulfur

in LP-Gas

10-19

2-33 8-41 9-72 9-72

2-34

I-84

Index terms

Links

Metalworking oils (Continued) suggestions for use of, table

9-73

transparency of

9-72

9-73

12-23

12-36

12-39

1-33 11-10

3-2

12-16

12-17

Metaxylene Methacrylate copolymers Methane

2-23 1-9 3-7

boiling point of, table

14-3

carbon-hydrogen ratio for, table

14-3

3-3

petrochemicals and

12-12

Methanecarboxylic acid

12-29

Methanethiol

12-36

Methanol

12-17

12-36

Methoxychlor

11-35

11-36

11-39

Methyl alcohol

1-19

2-10

12-7

12-17

12-21

12-36

12-31

12-36

Methyl benzene

12-38

Methyl chloride

12-17

12-36

Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Methyl ethyl carbinol Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

2-8 12-31 1-24

Methyl mercaptan

12-36

2-Methyl propanol-1

12-35

2-Methyl propene

12-35

Methyl silicone oil

2-28

Methyl styrene

12-20

Methylacetic acid

12-37

Methylating agents

12-36

Methylene chloride

12-17

12-21

12-36

12-36

I-85

Index terms

Links

Methylene dichloride

12-36

MGK 264

11-35

Mica

11-37

11-39

2-15 11-11

2-31

2-39

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station

11-30

Microcrystalline wax (see Wax) Mid-Continent crude oil

1-9 10-12

Middle-boiling solvents

11-46

Middle East, crude oil production in

1-3

daily production in

1-5

petroleum reserves in

1-4

10-6

8-32

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

MIL-C-8188 B

5-27

MIL-F-859 D

8-5

MIL-F-5572 A

4-40

MIL-H-19457

2-38

MIL-I-25017

5-20

MIL-L-2104 A oil

2-25

MIL-L-2105 lubricant

2-27

MIL-L-6082

5-24

MIL-L-6387 specifications

2-29

MIL-L-7308 oil

2-28

MIL-L-7808 oil

2-28

MIL-L-9236

5-24

MIL-L-25336

5-24

MIL-LG-3278 oil

2-29

MIL-O-6081

5-24

Mild EP oils

2-35

8-6

8-9

2-29

5-24

5-27

5-27

I-86

Index terms Mileage, gasoline quality and Military uses of microcrystalline wax Military vehicles, diesel engines for fuel supplies for

Links 4-30

4-31

10-14 6-3

6-31

6-3

Milk cartons, waxed

10-18

Miller Act

11-34

10-19

Mineral lard

2-41

Mineral oils

1-24

1-25

for aircraft engines

2-27

2-29

for cutting fluids

2-39

2-40

for industrial lubrication

2-35

Mineral spirits (see Industrial naphthas) Mining machinery Mining and quarrying, grease used in Missile fuels

6-29 9-111 1-19

Mites, control of

11-31

Mixed Aniline Points of Hydrocarbon Solvents test

11-22

Mixed-base crude oils Mixed isomers Modified Uniontown method graph Moistening agents Moisture, in industrial oils in LP-Gas

1-18

2-13

1-22

12-39 4-18 4-19 12-33 9-71 3-37

(See also Water) Mol percentage Molecules, composition of Molybdenum disulfide

8-42 1-9 2-39

1-10

2-14

I-87

Index terms

Links

Monoethanolamine

12-36

Morgantown, West Virginia

12-11

Mosquito control

11-34

Mosquito larvicide

11-34

Mothproofers

11-40

pressurized

11-39

examples of, table test for

11-47

11-40

11-39 11-42

Motor bearing oils

9-19

Motor fuel taxes, state

3-34

3-35

4-2

4-3

Motor fuels additives for

2-7

functions of

4-7

natural gasoline in Motor gasoline, additives for

4-8

1-35 2-6

alcohol blends in

4-37

boiling range for

1-12

color and

4-34

4-36

composition of

4-23

4-24

hydrocarbon, chart

4-38

4-24

determining octane numbers above 100

4-16

distillation temperature for

4-26

functions of

4-7

gravity and

4-33

gum-stable

4-32

improved quality of

4-11

noncorrosiveness of

4-32

octane requirements for

4-20

odor and

4-33

oxidation stability of

4-31

4-8

4-12

4-34

I-88

Index terms

Links

Motor gasoline, additives for (Continued) gum and

4-31

and heat of combustion

4-33

4-32

premium

4-13

price of

4-12

sensitivity of

4-17

sulfur in

4-32

testing of

4-17

vapor pressure of

4-27

4-28

winter

4-26

4-27

Motor method of testing gasoline

4-17

Motor octane numbers

4-13

for marine gasoline

4-43

4-20 4-18

4-19

4-20 10-12

Motor oil waxes

10-2

10-4

Motor oils

1-21

9-1

classification, table

2-24

oxidation of

2-33

types of service for viscosity classification of, table

9-4

9-5

9-13

Motor trucks (see Trucks) Motorboat engines, gasoline for

4-43

Moving-surface contact, illustrated

9-19

impact and

9-17

list of

9-18

types of

9-15

Multi-Lubers

9-99

Multipurpose automotive gear lubricants, additives for

2-26

Multipurpose greases automotive

9-121 2-27

2-27

I-89

Index terms Multiviscosity grade of oil motor Muriatic ether MWM combustion system

Links 2-25 2-20 12-34 6-22

illustrated

6-24

performance comparison of, table

6-24

N Naphtha, aromatic flash point of

11-9 11-4

industrial (see Industrial naphthas) specifications for

11-27

for wax removal

1-22

Naphthalenes

11-43

12-24

12-36

Naphthenes

1-10 11-11

4-9 11-43

4-17

smoke point for

7-30

stability of

7-38

Naphthenic acids

12-24

Naphthenic oils in insecticides

11-31

National Bureau of Standards, graphite application

14-20

heating oil standards of Natural gas, absorption efficiency of, table

7-25 1-3

dehydration of

12-39

1-15

7-4

rates for

7-7

table

7-7

liquid products from

7-26

7-24

composition of for home heating

12-36

1-31

7-8 1-32

5-10

I-90

Index terms

Links

Natural gas, absorption efficiency of, table (Continued) paraffin hydrocarbon components of table

1-32 1-33

performance characteristics of, as diesel fuel, graph

6-19

as source of energy

1-2

as source of LP-Gas

3-6

sweet, for purging Natural gas liquids

3-38 1-5

1-6

1-5

1-6

Natural gas products

1-14

1-15

Natural gasoline

1-15

distillation of

1-38

production of, in United States

table fractionation of flow charts of plants

14-3 1-32 1-34

grades of

1-37

and motor fuel

1-35

paraffins available from

1-36

production and principal uses of, table

1-31

properties of

1-37

testing methods for

1-37

research for markets for

1-35

as source of liquid products

1-30

specifications for, official

1-37

vapor pressure of

1-37

volatility of

1-32

Natural gasoline industry, history of number of plants in

11-12

1-32 1-32

3-8

1-38

1-38

I-91

Index terms

Links

Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory (NBTL) Heater

8-6

8-7

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics Specification 14-L-16 (Aer.)

2-29

Navy Heater stability test

8-35

8-36

Navy residual fuel oil

8-34

8-35

specifications for

8-4

table

8-5

Neoprene rubbers

12-17

Neutral oils

1-22

Neutralization number, for lubricating oils

9-31

for steam turbine oils New Jersey, mosquito control in

12-30

9-44 11-47

mosquito larvicide specifications

11-34

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, work in insecticides

11-30

New York State, flammable liquids law

11-4

11-47

Newtonian liquids

5-16

9-6

9-22 Nickel in residual fuel oils

8-25

Nitration-grade benzene, specifications for

11-26

Nitration-grade toluene, specifications for

11-27

Nitric acid

12-36

12-37

1-24

12-30

Nitrobenzene Nitrocellulose Diluting Power of Hydrocarbon Solvents test Nitrogen, in dry gas

11-22 3-7

in flue gas

8-42

solubility of, in aircraft turbine fuels

5-21

graph

5-23

9-7

9-9

I-92

Index terms Nitrotoluene

Links 12-2

Noise, diesel engine

6-5

No-Kol burner

7-3

Nonane in gasoline

4-8

n-Nonane Nonaromatic hydrocarbons Nonaromatic solvents Nonene Nonpetrochemicals

1-33 12-14 1-19

1-20

12-19

12-38

12-9

12-10

Nonyl phenol

12-37

Nonylene

12-38

Normal butyl alcohol

12-21

Normal propyl alcohol

12-21

North America, crude oil production in gas turbine aircraft used in petroleum reserves in

11-47

1-3 5-10 1-4

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

Nozzles for oil burners

7-10

plugging of

7-27

oil viscosity and temperature at

7-32

Nuclear chain reaction pile, first

14-20

7-12

8-41

7-33

Nuclear power plants lubricating grease, used in Nuclear science, petroleum coke and No. 1 heating oil characteristics of, table

9-115

9-116

14-20 7-2 7-35 7-2

7-3

7-28

7-29

I-93

Index terms

Links

No. 1 heating oil (Continued) specifications for

7-25

viscosity of

7-33

volatility of

7-36

No. 2 heating oil

7-1 7-35

characteristics of, table

7-25

viscosity of

7-33

volatility of

7-36

No. 3 heating oil

7-1

specifications for

7-25

No. 4 residual fuel oil

8-3

specifications for table

8-12

specifications for

8-3

table

8-16

specifications for

8-4

8-34

8-4

8-34

8-4 8-15

distillate in

7-3

8-27

surveys of No. 6 residual fuel oil

7-26

8-4 8-11

distillate in

7-29

8-27

survey of No. 5 residual fuel oil

7-28 7-37

7-2

specifications for

distillate in

7-26

8-3

8-4

8-27 8-4

surveys of

8-19

table

8-20

Nursery stock, wax emulsions for

10-26

10-27

Nylon

12-22

12-24

12-31

7-34

I-94

Index terms

Links

O Oceania, crude oil production in

1-3

relative production and consumption of oil in Octacide

1-4 11-35

Octane occurring in gasoline

1-36

n-Octane component of natural gas

1-33

4-8

Octane numbers determination of

4-16

above 100

4-16

table

4-16

improvement of

4-4

mechanical

4-21

Motor

4-13

4-20

4-38

4-39

research

4-13

4-20

tetraethyl lead and

4-35

performance number scale for aviation gasoline

Octane ratings (see Octane numbers) Octane requirements

2-11

deposits and

4-21

determining of

4-20

effect of variables on, graph

4-22

mechanical

4-21

4-20 4-21

Odor, of agricultural pesticides

11-45

11-47

of aircraft gas turbine fuels

5-15

5-19

6-5

6-7

of gasoline

4-33

4-34

of LP-Gas

3-5

of diesel fuel

of microcrystalline wax

10-4

11-48

I-95

Index terms

Links

Odor, of agricultural pesticides (Continued) of naphthas

11-11

of paraffin wax

10-8

Odorless naphthas

11-11

Off-highway machinery

6-29

Oil, gas enrichment

8-30

Oil-absorption plants in LP-Gas manufacture Oil-ash deposits in fuel oils

3-8

11-13

3-9

2-17

Oil-bearing sand

1-3

Oil burners, combustion in

7-9

controls for

7-13

7-14

residual fuel

8-49

8-50

types of Oil cans Oil content, of microcrystalline wax of paraffin of petrolatum Oil-field equipment greases for Oil fields, world-wide Oil-film thickness load-carrying capacity of, illustrated Oil filters

7-9 9-36 10-11

10-12

10-7

10-8

10-15 1-3 9-113

9-114

1-3

1-4

9-14

9-15

9-16 9-124

illustrated

9-124

9-130

magnetic

9-140

9-141

table, filter methods

9-125

Oil-fired central heating Oil-furnace blacks

7-3

7-4

15-5

15-14

10-21

10-22

I-96

Index terms Oil-furnace process illustrated Oil heating, compared with other fuels

Links 15-5 15-4 7-5

distillate oils for

7-1

outlook for

7-8

7-2

Oil separation in lubricating grease

9-83

Oil specifications, additives in

2-24

Oil-spray oils

9-70

9-71

quality of

9-70

9-71

typical data for, table

9-70

Oil tanks, corrosion of

7-15

domestic Oil-water mixtures

7-14

9-84

7-15

2-43

Oil wells in United States

1-5

natural gas liquids from

1-5

1-6

Oiliness

2-35

2-36

Oiliness agents

2-36

2-47

Oiliness carriers

1-24

Oiling systems, engine and machine

9-36

steam turbine

9-45

Oils, as fungicides

11-44

as herbicides

11-43

as insecticides

11-31

synthetic drying

12-35

9-37

11-44

Oklahoma

1-31

Olefin hydrocarbons

1-10

11-43

4-5 4-17

4-6

in gasoline octane numbers of in LP-Gas

4-23 3-3

3-4

4-9

4-10

I-97

Index terms

Links

Olefin hydrocarbons (Continued) determination of in petrochemicals stability of, in heating oils Olefinic plus Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum Distillates test

3-13 12-12

12-13

7-38 11-22

Olefins (see Olefin hydrocarbons) Olefins and Aromatics in Gasoline test

11-22

Open-gear lubricants, table

9-103

Open-Tag flash-point test for asphalt, illustrated Orange tortrix, control of

13-6 11-33

Orchard sprays (see Pesticides) Organic chemistry

1-27

Organic nitrates

1-18

Organic peroxides

1-18

Organic-sediment formation, in distillate heating oils

7-38

7-47

7-48

8-12

8-16

8-25

12-39

in residual fuel oil Orsat-type analysis of flue gas

8-41

Ortho isomers

12-32

Orthoxylene

12-23

12-37

4-42

4-44

Outboard engines, marine gasoline for Outdoor design temperature in oil heating, isotherms of, graph

7-19

Overgreasing

9-120

Overhead cranes, lubricating grease for

9-118

Oxidation

1-10

diesel-engine oil and

9-41

exposure to industrial oils

2-33

9-119

8-34

I-98

Index terms

Links

Oxidation (Continued) industrial circulating oils and

9-59

9-60

and oil filtering

9-128

9-129

spindle oils and

9-67

Oxidation inhibitors

1-19 2-19

Oxidation stability, of aviation gasoline

4-41

1-24 2-26

of marine gasoline

4-44

of motor gasoline

4-31

4-32

4-31

4-32

gum and Oxidation stability test

2-8

for aviation gasoline

4-41

Oxidized asphalt

13-12

13-13

Oxidized microcrystalline waxes

10-12

10-13

Oxo process

12-24

Oxygen, arid combustion of fuel oils in flue gas vs. excess air, graph in natural gas

2-13 2-32

8-40 8-42 8-42 12-3

P Pacific specifications for fuel oils Packaging material, microcrystalline wax used in petroleum wax and

8-10 10-14 10-28

Paint dryers

12-36

Paint removers

12-32

Paints

12-31

carbon blacks in

15-14

corrosion-resistant

12-32

12-34

12-35

2-18 2-47

I-99

Index terms

Links

Paints (Continued) fire-resistant Pale oil for livestock sprays Panel radiant heating

12-39 11-41 7-16

Paper milk cartons

10-18

Paper-mill lubrication

9-114

Paper yarn, wax used in

10-24

Papermaking

12-38

carbon black in

15-15

microcrystalline waxes in paper converting

10-13

Para isomers

10-19

12-32

Paraffin (see Wax) Paraffin-base crude oils for diesel fuels Paraffin hydrocarbons, distillation ranges for

1-9

1-22

2-15 11-15

in gasoline, table

4-8

in LP-Gas

3-3

in petrochemicals

1-18

12-12

12-13

Paraffinic oils in insecticides

11-31

11-34

Paraflint

10-10

Paraformaldehyde

12-34

Par-Al-Ketone

10-21

Paraxylene

12-23

Paraffin wax (see Wax)

Passenger cars (see Automobiles) Passivators

2-33

Pastes

2-41

Paving, asphalt uses of, illustrated

13-14 13-15

12-37

12-39

I-100

Index terms Peet-Grady knockdown test Penetration test for asphalt cement

Links 11-42 13-2

Pennsylvania

1-5

1-32

11-1

Pennsylvania crude oil

1-9

1-20

1-22

10-12

10-22

11-11

11-20

11-46

Pennsylvania motor oil

2-22

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup test

9-30

Pensky-Martens closed tester

8-12

Pentaerythritol

12-34

Pentaerythritol esters

2-29

Pentane

1-15

1-32

1-36

3-3

11-9

12-24

3-2

12-24

in gasoline

4-8

n-Pentane

1-33

Pentane insolubles

9-31

Perchloroethylene

12-17

Perchloromethane

12-32

Perforated sleeve burners

7-13

Performance number scale for aviation gasoline

4-38

table

4-39

Perfumes

12-30

Perimeter heating

12-37

7-16

Perthane

11-35

Pest-control industry

11-30

11-39

Pesticides agricultural, solvents for types of

2-31

11-44 11-47

government regulations for

11-48

nonagricultural

11-47

11-49

3-2

I-101

Index terms

Links

Pesticides (Continued) for orchards

11-31

California requirements, table

11-33

Geneva classification, table

11-32

petroleums used as

11-30

utilization of

11-30

Petro-Alcohol process

12-2

Petrochemical industry, birth of

12-3

capital investment in

12-6

12-7

future of

12-4

12-6

table

12-6

growth of

12-4

chart

12-6

tables

12-4

12-5

1-26

1-27

aliphatic

12-7

12-8

aromatic

12-7

12-8

Petrochemicals

chemical structure of, diagram butane and butylene-derived commercial properties of, table

12-14 12-20

12-21

12-2

12-3

12-26

composition of

12-12

chemical

12-7

12-8

definition of

12-1

12-2

ethane-derived

12-17

ethylene-derived

12-17

future of

12-4

glossary of

12-29

history of

12-2

inorganic

12-7

12-8

12-7

3-9

12-1

I-102

Index terms

Links

Petrochemicals (Continued) marketing of

12-25

12-29

methane-derived

12-16

12-17

chart miscellaneous petroleum sources of table obsolescence of output of, in United States

12-16 12-23 12-24 12-25 12-4

production by types in United States, table

12-10

propane-derived

12-19

propylene-derived

12-19

sales of

12-25

statistics on

12-20

12-9

Petrohol

12-3

Petrolatum

1-26

centrifuge

10-3

cold-test

10-3

composition of

10-4

consistency of

10-14

10-15

industrial uses of

10-15

10-22

melting point of

1-15

10-20

pharmaceutical grades of uses of

10-1

10-13 10-4

(See also Wax) Petroleum, drilling and producing of

1-5

liquefied

1-6

nature and occurrence of

1-3

transportation of

1-7

1-8

volume of finished products from

1-8

1-9

world production of

1-3

1-4

10-2

10-25

10-13

I-103

Index terms

Links

Petroleum asphalt (see Asphalt) Petroleum-base oil for insecticides

11-36

11-37

11-40

1-5

1-32

Petroleum coke (see Coke) Petroleum fuels, comparative refinery costs of, table Petroleum industry in United States

6-15 1-1

functioning of

1-6

growth of

1-2

origin of

1-1

products made by, table

1-2

scope of

1-1

sources of energy supplied by, table

1-2

1-2

Petroleum jelly (see Petrolatum) Petroleum products

1-10

boiling ranges of

1-12

commercial, check list of

1-40

domestic availability vs. total demand for, table

6-30

heating value of, table

7-31

list and description of

1-14

total United States demand for, table

6-29

uniformity of

1-13

in United States, graph

6-3

Petroleum reserves in United States

1-4

cost of tapping

1-5

world-wide, table

1-4

Petroleum solvents (see Industrial naphthas) Petroleum spirits (see Industrial naphthas, mineral spirits)

1-5

I-104

Index terms

Links

Petroleum sulfonate

2-41

Pharmaceutical oils

12-30

Pharmacy (see Drugs) Phenol

1-24

12-20

12-31

12-37

Phenol-wax condensation products

2-23

Phenolic inhibitors

2-33

Philgas

12-24

3-1

Phosphoric acid esters

2-38

Phosphorus, in lubricating oils

9-31

production of, in United States

12-22

14-19

Phosphorus compounds in detergents

2-34

Phosphorus pentasulfide-pinene compounds

2-34

Phosphorus-type fuel additives

2-11

Phthalic anhydride

12-23

12-31

12-36

12-37

Phytotoxicity

11-24

11-31

11-32

11-45

definition of

11-31 15-14

15-15

Pigment, carbon black as Pilot injection in dual-fuel operations, graph Pintschgas Pipeline valves, grease for Pipelines corrosion of in United States, map

15-12 6-21 3-1 9-114 1-6 12-3 1-7

Piperonyl butoxide

11-35

Piperonyl cyclohexene

11-35

Piperonyl cyclonene

11-35

Piping of LP-Gas sizing of

3-16 3-29

11-39

3-21

3-22

I-105

Index terms

Links

Pitting corrosion in home oil tanks

7-15

Pivot bearing oils

2-29

Plasticizers

12-32

Plastics

12-29

carbon blacks in

15-14

Platforming process

12-22

Pneumatic tool oils

9-68

and continuous lubrication

9-69

requirements for

9-69

viscosity range of, table

9-69

Polar compounds

2-36

Polyacrylonitriles

12-30

12-37

9-70

Polybutene

2-29

2-37

Polyethylene, in microcrystalline wax

10-9

10-13

12-18

12-34

in plastics Polyglycol ethers

2-29

Polyisobutylene

2-31

Polymer gasoline

4-5

12-35

Polymeric detergents

2-21

2-22

Polymeric dispersant additives

2-17

Polymerization

1-12

4-5

coking and

14-2

14-3

Polymers

12-38

12-37

1-10

Polypropylene

12-20

12-37

Polystyrene

12-19

12-22

12-37

Polyurethanes

12-20 12-38

12-22

12-30

Poly vinyl chloride

12-37

Porpoise-jaw oil

2-28

12-37

I-106

Index terms Postemergence weed control, table Pot burners smokiness of Potassium in residual fuel oils

Links 11-44 7-13 7-30 8-25

Pour point depressants

1-24

2-23

2-32

2-48

6-4

6-13

of distillate fuel oil

7-27

7-28

of lubricating oils

2-48

9-55

9-70

and oil-spray lubrication

9-70

of residual fuel

8-12

8-16

8-20

viscosity and

9-71

6-4

6-13

additives for of diesel fuels

Power, diesel fuel consumption and Power plants, diesel, marine, illustrated stationary Precipitation number for lubricating oils Preemergence sprays

2-26 6-20

8-25

6-7 6-27 6-3 9-31 11-43

Preheaters residual fuel oil

8-31

fouling of

8-36

Preignition additives

2-11

4-36

Premium gasoline

4-11

4-13

Pressure filters

9-131

illustrated

9-132

Prices average, crude and products house brand gasoline Primary controls for oil burners

16-84 16-86 7-14

4-20

4-26

I-107

Index terms

Links

Printing and engraving, microcrystalline wax used in

10-14

Printing ink, carbon black in

15-12

Printing machinery, grease for

9-115

Products of combustion of fuel oils air requirements and

8-39

table

8-40

water as

8-45

Propane

1-14 3-1 3-38

boiling point of, table

14-3

carbon-hydrogen ratio of, table

14-3

commercial average properties of, table

1-15 3-7

1-32 3-29

1-33 3-35

12-16

12-19

3-9 3-5

definition of

3-10

specifications for

3-10

storage of

3-13

as diesel fuel

6-18

performance characteristics of, graph

8-47

6-19

6-19

petrochemicals and

12-3

pipe-sizing chart for liquid

3-30

storage tanks for, nomograph for gaging of

3-33

vapor flow of, sizing charts for

3-31

vaporization chart for

3-28

and wax removal

1-24

Propanone

12-30

Propellants for aerosol bombs

11-38

Propenal

12-30

Propene

3-4

12-12

3-32

11-39 4-24

12-38

I-108

Index terms

Links

Propenenitrile

12-30

Propenyl alcohol

12-30

Propionates

12-37

Propionic acid

12-21

Prop-jet aircraft

5-1

Propyl alcohol

12-37

Propyl carbinol

12-31

Propyl isomer

11-35

Propylene

3-4 12-19

petrochemicals from chart

12-37 12-38

3-9 12-20

12-12 12-38

12-17

12-38

12-22 12-20

Propylene dichloride

12-38

Propylene glycol

12-38

Propylene oxide

12-19

12-38

Propylene tetramer

12-19

12-20

12-22

Propylene trimer

12-19

12-20

12-38

Prussic acid

12-35

P.S. 100 fuel oils

8-10

P.S. 200 fuel oils

8-10

P.S. 300 fuel oils

8-10

P2S5 olefin reaction products

2-19

P2S5 terpene reaction products

2-19

Pseudowaxes

1-22

Pure Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1939

10-7

Pure hydrocarbons

4-16

octane numbers of, table Purging of tanks Purification agents

4-23 3-37 12-35

3-38

I-109

Index terms Purification of lubricating oils methods of table

Links 9-124 9-124

9-129

9-125

Push-button cans for insecticides

11-38

11-39

Pyrethrins

11-35

11-40

Pyrethrum flowers as insecticides

11-34

Pyrofax

3-1

Q Quality control of additives Quarrying machinery, diesel tractor

2-6 6-29

R Radiant heating, panel

7-16

Radiators

7-16

baseboard

7-16

Raffinate

1-20

Railroad diesel oils, specifications for

2-25

Railroad gas turbine fuels, additives for

2-18

Railroads, diesel fuel and dual-fuel systems lubricating grease used by

6-1

2-26 6-2

6-13

8-29 9-116

9-117

1-7

1-8

Ramsbottom test

7-35 8-20

7-36 9-30

8-12

Range burners

7-13 9-10

9-11

oil transportation by

Range oil (see Kerosine) Rate of shear Redistillation of cleaner's solvents Reducing agents

9-7 1-20 12-35

8-16

I-110

Index terms Redwood No. 1 fuel oil, viscosities Refined solvent naphtha, specifications for Refineries directory of, in United States

Links 8-10 11-27 1-8 16-59

residual fuel surveys by

8-11

wax production at, flow diagram

10-5

16-66

(See also Refining) Refinery costs of petroleum fuels, comparative, table

6-15

Refinery gas as source of LP-Gas

3-6

Refinery gas oil, boiling range for

1-12

Refinery products finished, quantities of, table Refining

6-1

3-7 6-2

1-8 1-7

1-8

of distillate fuel oils

6-12

7-40

of lubricating oils

1-23

of naphthas number of companies engaged in

3-9

1-13

1-14

11-12 1-1

petrochemicals and

1-26

1-27

processes used in

1-11

1-12

distillation

1-13

fractionation

1-13

1-14

Reforming processes

1-12

4-4

11-12

11-13

12-34

12-36

12-39

Refractionation Refractive index for gasoline Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids test Refractivity intercept Refrigerants oil behavior and, table

11-13 4-11 11-22 4-11 12-30 9-53

I-111

Index terms

Links

Refrigeration for oil cooling

5-24

Refrigeration compressors, lubrication of

9-52

9-53

9-52

9-53

9-93

9-94

oil for Regreasing intervals for bearings table Regulations, state, for LP-Gas Reid vapor pressure, aircraft turbine fuels gasoline natural LP-Gas Reinforcing agent, carbon black as Relief valves for storage tanks Reppe process

9-95 3-18 5-6 4-28 1-36 3-10

3-11

15-10

15-14

3-15 12-30

Research method of testing gasoline

4-17

Research octane numbers

4-13

for marine gasoline

5-13

12-31 4-14

4-19

4-43

Reservoirs, storage

1-8

Residual fuel oil

1-2

1-8

1-21

additives for

2-16

8-30

8-36

aging of, viscosity and

8-35

ash as contaminant of

8-32

boiling range for

1-12

carbon particles in

8-33

combustion of

8-36

air requirements and products of

8-39

chemistry of

8-39

flue-gas analysis and

8-41

table

8-43

heating value and

8-36

table

8-38

8-33

4-20

I-112

Index terms

Links

Residual fuel oil (Continued) consumption of vs. production, graph corrosion and reduction of

8-3 8-3 8-12 2-16

demand for

8-1

distillation data on, table

8-26

end uses of

8-27

major, graphs

8-28

problems in

8-31

8-32

8-9

fire point of

8-25

flash point of

8-12

8-25

8-1

8-2

history of incompatibility of

8-35

inspection of

8-23

table

8-25

8-26

instability of

8-33

metallic components of

8-23

pour point of

8-12

8-16

production of

8-2

8-3

8-2

8-3

graphs soot in specifications for commercial, table Federal navy

8-33 8-3 8-4 16-38 8-4

table

8-5

Pacific

8-10

stocks of, in United States

8-31

8-31

definition of

explosive conditions in storage

8-29

8-3

16-42

8-20

8-25

I-113

Index terms

Links

Residual fuel oil (Continued) sulfur in problems of

8-12

8-25

8-30

tests for

8-5

thermal stability of

8-6

additives and

8-9

8-36

compatibility and

8-9

8-36

explosiveness and

8-9

8-10

tests for

8-6

8-34

uncracked distillates in

8-34

8-35

viscosity of

8-11

8-25

water and sediment in

8-4

8-34

Residual fuel oil burners

8-49

8-50

11-36

11-37

Residual insecticides combined with space sprays, table

11-37

pressurized, examples of, table

11-39

Residual lubricating oils

8-35

8-36

1-22

Residue asphalt float test for, illustrated

13-8

13-9

13-8

carbon (see Carbon residue) Resins Resistance heating

1-22

12-30

7-4

7-5

Rich-mixture rating of aviation gasoline

4-40

Ring or chain oilers

9-37

Roach killers examples of, table Road knock-test methods Road oils (see Asphalt)

11-36

11-37

11-37 4-18

4-19

12-32

12-37

I-114

Index terms Rocket fuel

Links 2-13

2-14

petrochemicals in

12-35

12-37

Roller-bearing greases

9-92

9-93

test requirements for, table Rolling-mill equipment, greases for

9-93 9-119

Roofing compound (see Asphalt) Rotary burners

7-12

spinning cup

7-12

wall-flame, illustrated

7-12

Rotenone

11-34

Rubber, natural, carbon blacks in, table

15-13

synthetic

1-1

7-13

11-36 3-9

carbon blacks in, table

15-13

petrochemicals and

12-3 12-29

12-19 12-35

15-6

15-7

Rubber blacks Rubber compounding

12-32

petroleum wax and

10-25

Rubber-plant machinery, lubricating grease for

9-116

Rubber products

12-32

Rubber solvent

11-17

Rubber-tire industry, carbon black and

12-22 12-36

12-24 12-38

15-1

15-10

Rubber vulcanization

12-30

12-31

12-36

12-38

Rumanian crude oil

11-12 2-32

2-41

2-42

Russian crude oil

12-2

Rust preventives

1-2 2-47

in hydraulic fluids

9-58

lubricating grease as

9-83

I-115

Index terms

Links

Rust preventives (Continued) petroleum waxes as Rusting, crankcase

10-21 2-24

resistance to

9-31

SAE 40 grade oil

2-25

S Safety, of agricultural pesticides of light heating oils

11-45 7-46

Safety requirements for handling LP-Gas

3-19

Salt-water contamination

2-17

San Jose scale control

11-31

Sanitary uses of microcrystalline wax

10-14

Saponification of oxidized microcrystalline waxes

10-13

Saponification number for lubricating oils

9-31

Sawmill machinery, grease for

8-23 10-25

9-109

9-110

Saybolt chromometer color test method

11-6

11-19

Saybolt color, natural gasoline

1-38

Saybolt-Furol viscosity test, illustrated

13-7

Saybolt seconds Universal viscosity

9-8

9-13

9-8

9-9

6-20

7-27

Furol

8-23

8-27

Universal

8-23

8-27

conversion charts for Saybolt viscosity

Scale insects, control of

7-33

11-34

Scuff-resistance test for paraffin wax

10-9

Sealing strength test for paraffin wax

10-9

Seals, lubricants as

9-21

O-ring, requirements for

11-46

9-22

9-22

9-86

7-34

I-116

Index terms Secondary butyl alcohol (sec-butanol) Sediment, organic, contamination of heating oils by

Links 12-21

12-31

7-47

7-48

formation of

7-38

in residual fuel oil

8-12

8-16

8-25

Sediment-inhibiting additives

7-40

7-41

8-36

Self-ignition, diesel fuels and

6-4

6-5

Semidiesels Sequestering agents Service life of lubricating grease Sesoxane Shaft and bearing relationship

1-18 12-34 9-83 11-35 9-16

Shale

1-6

Shale oil

1-6

Shear resistance of lubricating grease

9-82

Shearing force

9-5

Shearing stress

9-5

and velocity gradient illustrated Shell thin-film evaporometer Shellane Shipment, of diesel fuels of LP-Gas

9-5 9-6 11-22 3-1 6-31 3-32

receipt of

3-30

of paraffin wax

10-8

Ships, lubricating greases for

9-117

Sieve test for asphalt residue

13-9

Sigatoka disease Signal oil (see Kerosine)

9-83

11-44

6-32

8-34

I-117

Index terms Silicon carbide

Links 14-14

Silicone

8-23

Silicone ester fluids

2-29

Silicone fluid greases

2-29

Silicone oils

2-37

Silicone polymers

2-37

Silver, in aircraft turbine fuel systems corrosion of Single-spool engines Sizing, petroleum wax used in Skelgas

5-19 5-2 10-17 3-1 1-26

Sludge, analysis of, table

7-38

in lubricating oil

2-30

5-4

Slack wax dispersal of

8-25

8-36

10-3 9-42

9-128

oxidation and

2-34

removal of

2-17

2-21

2-22

6-5

6-7

7-40 Small-pipe heating systems Small-size heater method of testing stability illustrated

7-16 8-6 8-7

Smoke, flue gas and

7-23

Smoke point, definition of

7-30

Smoke point test

7-30

Smoke spot number

7-23

Smoking, diesel fuel

1-19

light heating fuel

7-28

test for density of residual fuel oil

7-30 8-41

7-39

I-118

Index terms Soaps

Links 12-2

lubricating greases and

1-25

to reduce corrosion

8-31

as tackiness agents

2-37

2-47

Sodium

1-11 8-32

8-25 8-33

Sodium compounds

2-17

2-18

Sodium hydroxide

1-17

1-19

Sodium naphthenates

12-24

Softening agents

12-33

Softening point test for blown asphalt

13-12

Solgas

2-38

2-39

Solids as fuel contaminators

5-16

5-17

Solubility, of additives

2-3

2-4

of asphalt cement

13-4 11-47

Soluble metallic soaps, ash and

6-13

Soluble oils

2-41

cutting oils Solutizer Solvency of naphthas tests for

2-42

9-73 1-17 11-11 11-22

Solvent extraction, selective

1-24

Solvent pressing

1-26

Solvents (see Industrial naphthas) Soot from residual fuel oils South America, crude oil production in petroleum reserves in

8-30

9-120

9-121

3-1

Solid lubricants

of DDT

8-29

8-33 1-3 1-4

10-3

2-15

I-119

Index terms

Links

South America, crude oil production in (Continued) relative production and consumption of oil in Space sprays

1-4 11-36

combined with residual, table

11-37

examples of, table

11-36

tests for

11-41

Spark-plug fouling Specific gravity, of agricultural pesticides of diesel fuels

2-11 11-45

11-46

6-8

of LP-Gas

3-11

3-34

of naphthas

11-18

11-19

of residual fuel oils

8-37

specific heat and

8-48

8-49

Specific heat of fuel oils

8-48

8-49

chart Specifications and property classifications for aircraft lubricants for aircraft turbine fuels

8-49 5-24 5-6

for asphalt

13-2

for aviation gasoline, tentative

4-51

for butane-propane mixtures

3-11

for carbon black

15-7

for commercial butane

3-10

for commercial propane

3-10

for crankcase oil viscosity

9-13

13-9

for diesel fuel

6-5

16-35

for distillate heating oils

7-2

7-24

11-14

11-25

11-3

11-4

for industrial naphthas for kerosine

13-13

16-38 16-33

16-34

I-120

Index terms

Links

Specifications and property classifications for aircraft lubricants (Continued) for LP-Gas

3-10

for lubricating greases

9-77

for microcrystalline wax

10-11

for motor gasoline

2-4

for natural gasoline

1-37

for pesticides for residual fuel oil for transmission and axle lubricants Spectrographic method of testing LP-Gas

3-11

2-10

11-32

11-33

8-3

16-38

9-13 3-12

Speed of equipment selection of lubricating, grease and Speed reduction gear oils

9-85 9-47

development of

9-47

specifications for, table

9-48

types of, table

9-48

viscosity of

9-48

Speed reduction gears

9-86

9-47

illustrated

9-47

Spindle oils

9-65

influence of properties on operation

9-66

oiling system and

9-67

speed and

9-65

Spinning-cup rotary burners

7-12

Spray oils

1-28

9-48

9-48

9-67 9-66

(See also Insecticides; Pesticides) Spray-paint booths, petrolatum and

10-15

Sprays, insect

11-33

weed-killing

11-42

10-16

4-48

16-28

I-121

Index terms

Links

Springfield, Massachusetts

10-22

Spruce budworm control

11-47

Spur gearing Squeeze-bottle plastic

2-35 12-18

Stability of additives

2-4

fuel-oil

2-14

2-15

of aircraft turbine fuels

5-18

5-19

of light heating oils

7-27

7-28

Stability tests

7-41

8-35

Standards for LP-Gas

3-18

3-19

3-35

3-36

Starter fluids, diesel-engine

2-15

2-16

Static electricity

5-21

purchase on

Stationary power plants

6-3

6-4

dual-fuel operation for

6-20

6-21

Steam boilers, residual fuel oil for

8-28

Steam cylinder oil

9-37

amount needed, table

9-40

atomizers for

9-38

illustrated

9-39

compounding of tables

9-37 9-38

operating conditions for

9-37

and type of oil, table

9-39

in worm-gear lubrication

9-41

Steam engines, cylinder oil for

9-37

oil required for, table

9-40

types of

9-40

Steam heating systems

7-17

9-39 9-38

7-37

6-13

6-20

I-122

Index terms Steam turbine oils

Links 9-43

foaming of

9-46

performance value of

9-44

viscosity of

9-43

table

9-44

Steam turbines, foaming in

9-46

lubrication systems for

9-45

illustrated

9-46

9-45

marine

2-32

viscosity control and type of

9-43

Stearic acid, candlemaking and

10-20

Steel boilers

9-44

9-44

7-17

standard rating code for, table

7-18

Steel industry, petroleum coke and

14-15

14-16

14-19

8-28

8-29

8-31

residual fuel oil and Steel mills lubricating greases for table Steel tanks, storage Steering gears, grease for Still gas

9-117 9-118 1-8 9-99 1-8

Stoddard solvent

11-12

11-17

as herbicide

11-43

11-44

as insecticide

11-31

11-40

specifications for

11-25

11-26

1-8

2-15

Storage, of crude oil of diesel fuels

6-31

of kerosine

11-3

of LP-Gas

3-13

of lubricating grease

9-121

9-122

8-32

I-123

Index terms

Links

Storage, of crude oil (Continued) of paraffin wax Storage losses

10-8 1-8

Storage spheres

3-14

Storage tanks, installation of

3-14

steel Storage type heaters Stove oil, for herbicides Straight-run gasoline, carbon-hydrogen ratio for, table

1-8 7-18 11-43 14-3

Strainer filters

9-133

illustrated

9-134

Stringiness agents Stripper wells

2-47 1-5

Strobane

11-35

11-39

Styrene

1-10 12-22

12-7 12-31

10-2

10-4

Sucker rod wax

12-8 12-34

12-19 12-38

12-38

Sulfonates

12-24

Sulfoxide

11-35

11-39

2-40

2-41

12-7

6-12

6-20

Sulfur corrosion and diesel fuels and elemental influence on fuels in kerosine limitation of in light heating oils combustion and, graph in LP-Gas

5-19 6-8 12-35 6-8 11-3 11-6 7-36

7-37

7-36 3-10

3-11

3-27

I-124

Index terms

Links

Sulfur (Continued) in lubricating grease

9-90

in lubricating oils

9-31

in motor gasoline

4-32

in naphthas Sulfur, as oxidation inhibitor in petroleum coke table in residual fuel oil and heat of combustion

11-22

11-23

2-33

2-34

14-6

14-8

14-7 8-12

8-25

8-37

Sulfur dioxide

1-20

7-36

8-39

in flue gas

8-42

liquid

1-20

1-24

Sulfur trioxide

7-36

8-31

8-41

Sulfuric acid

1-17

1-20

1-22

12-38 Sulfurized olefins

2-19

Sulfurized turpentine

2-34

Sulfurized wax derivative

2-34

Summer oils California type, table Supercharge method of rating aviation gasoline Supercharging

11-32

11-33

11-33 4-40 6-5

Superfractionation

11-12

Supersonic aircraft

2-28

5-18

5-5

5-6

Surface-active agents

12-33

12-36

Surface coatings and finishings

12-33

12-37

4-22

4-23

Supplementary fuel injection

Surface ignition, deposits and

5-19

8-41

1-23

I-125

Index terms Surface tension of fuel Sweating process for wax Sweet natural gas Sweetening inhibitors

Links 6-7 1-26 10-2

10-3

3-38 2-9

11-12

Synergists

11-36

11-40

Synthetic drying oils

12-35

Synthetic fibers

12-10 12-30

12-17 12-34

9-76

9-78

Synthetic lubricating fluids table Synthetic materials for aircraft lubricants

12-29

12-19 12-35

12-22 12-36

9-77 5-24

5-27

Synthetic paraffin wax

10-10

10-11

Synthetic rubber

3-9 12-24 12-38

12-3 12-29

1-35

12-21

Tackiness agents

2-37

2-47

Tag open cup flash-point test

9-30

11-20

11-43

11-46

butane and

12-22 12-37

T

Tag Robinson color, pesticides Talc

2-39

Tallant, Oklahoma

12-3

Tallow, acidless

2-35

2-37

Tank-bottom waxes

10-2

10-4

10-11

Tank cars for LP-Gas

3-16

3-23

3-24

fittings and instructions for gaging, chart

3-23

pressure for, charts

3-17

uninsulated

3-24

3-37

I-126

Index terms Tank trucks for LP-Gas Tankers

Links 3-16

3-24

8-34

8-35

3-35

16-67

3-35

16-67

1-7

combination

3-22

for LP-Gas

3-22

Tanks, contamination of

3-17

7-47

corrosion of

7-41

for LP-Gas, sizing of

3-29

for propane, nomograph for gaging of

3-33

(See also Storage tanks) Tar sands

1-6

Tars

1-2

in residual fuel oils Taste, of microcrystalline wax of paraffin wax

8-23 10-4 10-8

Taxes on LP-Gas, Federal state on motor fuel, Federal state TEA (triethanolamine) Temperature, air-compressor discharge, table

3-34 3-34 16-67 3-34 12-38 9-50

aircraft engine bearings

5-24

carburetor icing and

4-28

of compressors, theoretical, table

9-50

degree-days and

7-48

diesel fuels and

6-4

and extreme-pressure lubrication

2-35

gasoline distillation, table

4-26

gear oils and

9-64

4-29

9-65

3-37

I-127

Index terms

Links

Temperature, air-compressor discharge, table (Continued) hydraulic fluids and

2-29

ignition starting and

2-15

2-16

2-26

4-25

9-82

9-86

9-87

8-12

8-16

4-26 low, fluidity of crankcase oils at

9-22

lubricating grease and

9-81 9-95

oxidation and

2-33

vapor lock and

4-28

viscosity and

9-8

graph of variation in fuel oil

8-24

Ten-degree xylene, specifications for

11-29

Terephthalic acid

12-23

Test engines for lubricants Test methods, aircraft lubricants aircraft turbine fuels

9-29 5-6 5-6

asphalt cement

13-2

automotive lubricants

9-28

ball- and roller-bearing grease, table

9-93

blown asphalt boundary lubrication carbon black carbon residue

12-38

5-11

13-12 9-25 15-10 7-35

7-36

8-20 CFR fuel coker

5-19

coke

14-9

diesel-engine oil

9-42

diesel fuels significance of distillation, gasoline volatility

14-10

6-9 6-12 4-25

6-13

I-128

Index terms

Links

Test methods, aircraft lubricants (Continued) light heating oils

7-36

residual fuel oil

8-12

effectiveness of additives

2-5

electric-motor bearing oils

9-55

emulsified asphalt

13-6

gasoline, antiknock

14-17

household insecticides

11-21

2-6

kerosine

11-3

light heating oils

7-25

7-27

7-28

7-33

7-38

7-41

LP-Gas

3-11

3-32

3-33

lubricating grease

9-79

table

9-80

naphtha

11-11

oils for insecticides

11-18

Test methods, paraffin

10-7

7-30

11-18

propane

3-9

residual fuel oil

8-5

8-35

8-36

explosiveness

8-9

8-10

8-26

steam turbine oils

9-44

viscosity of automotive oils

9-13

2-4 4-34

2-5

2-7

12-3

12-19

Tetrachloroethylene

12-37

Tetrachloromethane

12-32

Tetraethyl lead (TEL)

2-1 2-8 12-34

in aviation gasoline

4-42

Texas

1-31

3-21

Texas City, Texas

12-3

12-22

I-129

Index terms

Links

Textile industry lubricating grease used by table

9-119

9-120

9-119

microcrystalline wax used by

10-14

petrochemicals used by

12-29

Thanite

11-35

11-36

11-39

11-40

Thermal black

12-17

12-32

15-2

15-3

5-19

6-6

2-31

2-39

Thermal cracking, coking and residual fuel oil and

14-5 8-2

Thermal efficiency, generator output and, graph

6-17

Thermal process

15-2

illustrated

8-30

15-3

15-3

Thermal properties of aircraft fuels

5-20

5-21

Thermal reforming

1-16

4-4

Thermal stability

2-20

5-18

8-6

8-26

poor

8-8

8-9

tests for

8-6

of residual fuel oil

Thermal value

7-30

Thermofor catalytic cracking process

1-16

Thermostats

7-14

Thick-film lubrication

9-64

Thickening agents for oils and greases

1-25

2-29

8-7

8-8

Thimble ratings on naval test for thermal stability Thinners

11-9

Thiocyanates, organic

11-36

Thiophene

12-38

Tide

12-19

I-130

Index terms TIFA apparatus for pesticides Tin

Links 11-47 8-25

Tinting agent, carbon black as

15-15

Tires, petroleum wax used in

10-25

Titanium

14-18

Titusville, Pennsylvania TNT

1-5 12-3

Tobacco desuckering

11-44

Toluene

1-16 12-12

as solvent

11-17

specifications for

11-27

toxicity of

11-23

and wax removal Toluene test by ultraviolet spectrophotometry Toluol Tolylene di-isocyanates Torque, viscosity and

11-9 12-21 11-28

1-24 11-22 2-29

12-38

12-38 9-55

Toxaphene

11-40

Toxicity, of agricultural pesticides

11-45

11-41

of aromatics

11-23

11-24

of herbicides

11-42

11-43

of livestock sprays

11-40

of LP-Gas hydrocarbons of naphthas table Tractor diesel engines

3-35 11-23

11-24

11-24 6-28

Tractor fuel

4-3

gasoline as

4-44

6-29 4-45

11-11 12-22

12-7 12-38

I-131

Index terms

Links

Tractor fuel (Continued) kerosine-type

4-44

LP-Gas as

4-44

Tractor roller lubricants, table

9-103

Trade names of naphthas

11-11

Transformer oils

1-2

fluidity of

9-71

handling of

9-71

moisture in

9-71

Transmission and axle lubricants

9-26

classification of, table

9-13

fluidity in

9-23

tests for

9-29

9-72

9-26

contacts for

9-18

fluidity in

9-23

Transparency of industrial oils

9-72

9-73

Transportation, of LP-Gas

3-16

3-22

of petroleum products

1-7

1-8

Treating agents

1-17

Trialkylphenol inhibitors

2-13

Triboelectricity and aircraft turbine fuels

5-21

Trichloroethylene

12-17

Trichloromethane

12-32

Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)

2-11

Triethanolamine

12-38

Triethylene glycol

12-38

Trinidad Trinitrotoluene

9-72

9-1

for boundary lubrication

Transmissions, boundary lubrication for

9-71

13-1 12-22

12-30

12-37

12-38

2-29

2-36

2-47

12-39

I-132

Index terms Trucks, oil transportation by registrations in United States, chart tank, for LP-Gas Turbine bearings, lubrication data for Turbine oil conditioners Turbine oils

Links 1-7

1-8

4-2 3-16

3-17

3-24

3-37

1-22

9-43

9-47

9-46 9-140 1-21

Turbofan aircraft engines

5-3

Turbojet aircraft engines, bypass

5-3

fuel consumption of

5-3

split compressor

5-2

5-3

supplementary fuel injection for

5-5

5-6

Turboprop aircraft fuel consumption of Tutweiler method of testing LP-Gas Twin-spool engines Twine and cordage, petroleum wax used for

5-1 5-3 3-13 5-2 10-24

U Ukon fluids, table

9-77

Uncompounded lubricating oils

1-2

Undecane in gasoline

4-8

Underground storage of LP-Gas Union colorimeter test for naphthas

3-14 11-19

Uniontown, Pennsylvania

4-18

Uniontown knock-test method

4-18

graph Unisol gasoline treating process United States, aluminum capacity of asphalt consumption in, table carbon black produced in, graph

9-107

4-20

4-19 1-17 14-16 13-17 15-1

14-17

9-108

I-133

Index terms

Links

United States, aluminum capacity of (Continued) carbon and graphite products in

14-18

catalytic reforming in

12-22

coke production in

14-1

crude oil consumption in

1-36

crude oil production in gas turbine engines used in LP-GAS, production in sales in, table pesticide program in

1-3

8-31

5-10 3-7 3-26 11-47

petrochemical industry in, tables

12-4

12-7

petrochemical output in, charts

12-8

12-9

12-15

12-5

12-6

12-10

10-13

10-28

tables petroleum reserves in phosphorus production in

1-4 14-19

product output of basic industries in, table

4-1

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

titanium production in wax consumption in table wax production in

14-18 10-1 10-6 10-1

U.S. Air Force

5-9

U.S. Army, Gas Warfare Division

3-8

Ordnance Corps

12-14

2-4

2-24

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

6-14

U.S. Bureau of Mines

4-13 6-21

6-14 6-24

6-16 6-31

6-20 13-1

reports

3-1

7-3

10-6

12-11

surveys

8-11

I-134

Index terms U.S. Bureau of Standards

Links 6-21

U.S. Department of Agriculture

11-31 11-48

11-37 11-50

U.S. Department of Commerce

8-5

11-41

Bureau of the Census

4-34

4-36

U.S. Health Service

2-12

11-51

U.S. Maritime Administration

6-30

U.S. Pharmacopoeia

4-42

5-9 10-7

10-14

12-10

12-11

U.S. Weather Bureau

7-50

16-87

Universal joints, grease for

9-98

9-99

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

1-10

1-15

Unsulfonated residue (UR)

11-31

11-44

Upper-cylinder lubricants

2-11

2-12

4-37

12-17

12-34

12-39

U.S. Tariff Commission report

Urea USSR, crude oil production in

11-41

12-11

U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

U.S. Navy

11-40 11-51

10-15

1-20

1-21

1-3

V Vacuum dehydration reclaiming of lubricating oil illustrated Vacuum-still residuum

9-135 9-136

9-137

8-2

8-8

Valve and plug-valve lubricating greases

9-88

Valve and ring sticking

2-12

Valve tappets, lubrication of

9-28

8-23

8-24

I-135

Index terms

Links

Vanadium, in crude oil

1-10

in residual fuel oils

8-24 8-33

8-29 8-41

Vanadium contaminants in fuel oils

2-17

2-18

Vapor flow, propane, sizing charts for

3-31

3-32

Vapor lock

4-27

4-28

fuel-pump

4-27

percolation

4-27

Vapor pressure, of aircraft turbine fuels of LP-Gas of motor gasoline laboratory test for of naphthas, and safety in handling of natural gasoline Vaporization, of light heating oils

3-5

3-10

4-27

4-28

3-11

4-28 11-23 1-37

1-38

7-25 9-66

Vaporization rate

6-4

Vaporizing burners

7-13

carbon deposits in

7-34

7-32

3-16

3-17

Varnish removers

12-32

12-33

12-36

Varnishes

12-30

12-31

12-33

Vaseline (see Petrolatum) Vegetables, cold-wax emulsions for wax protection for Velocity gradient, equation for shearing stress and illustrated time and viscosity and

8-32

5-13

of spindle oils

Vapors, removal of, in LP-Gas systems

8-30

10-26 10-26 9-7 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-10

12-36

I-136

Index terms Venezuela, crude oil reserves in

Links 8-32

Verdant oils

11-32

Vermicides

12-32

Vertical rotary burners

7-10

Vinyl acetate

12-30

Vinyl chloride

12-17

Vinyl cyanide

12-30

Vinylethylene

12-31

Visbreaking operation

11-33

8-2

Viscose rayon

12-32

Viscose silk

12-31

12-30

12-39

8-8

8-9

Viscosity, absolute, defined

9-7

9-8

of aircraft turbine fuels

5-7

5-11

of automotive oils

9-5

of crankcase oil, additives

2-19

2-20

of cutback and emulsified asphalt

13-6

13-7

of diesel-engine oil

9-42

of diesel fuels of distillate heating oils

5-12

6-8

6-12

6-20

7-26

7-27

7-31

effect on oil-flow rate, graph

7-32

measurement of

7-31

and oil temperature at nozzle, graph

7-32

tests for

7-33

of electric-motor bearing oils

9-55

of engine and machine oil

9-36

foaming and

9-62

of herbicides

11-43

of hydraulic fluids, table

9-57

identification numbers for

9-12

of kerosine

11-5

7-34

9-13

5-16

I-137

Index terms

Links

Viscosity, absolute, defined (Continued) kinematic

5-16

conversion table for

7-34

of liquid asphalts, table

13-8

oil-spray lubrication and

9-70

of paraffin

10-8

pour point and

9-71

of residual fuel oil

8-11

aging and

8-35

conversion table for

8-27

6-20

8-25

and sealing function

9-21

specifying

9-13

9-14

speed and

9-64

9-66

of speed reduction gear oil

9-48

of spray oils

11-31

of steam turbine oils

9-43

9-44

temperature and

8-24

9-9

9-22

9-23

at low temperatures tests for

9-13

variation in, illustrated

9-11

and velocity gradient

9-6

of wire-rope lubricant

9-63

Viscosity index (VI), of circulating oils

1-21

numbers for

9-11

for industrial oils Viscosity range, of compressor oils, table of gear oils, table

9-10

9-61

of lubricating oils Viscosity index improvers

9-8

1-22

1-24

9-10

1-24 2-26 9-12

2-3

2-22

2-23

2-28

2-48

9-11

2-31

2-32

9-51 9-49

I-138

Index terms

Links

Viscosity range, of compressor oils, table (Continued) of instrument oils

9-68

of pneumatic tool oils, table

9-69

of steam turbine oils, table

9-44

Viscosity Reduction Power of Hydrocarbon Solvents test Viscosity specifications Viscosity-temperature charts illustrated VM & P naphtha

11-22 1-12

1-13

9-8 9-9 11-12

Vogt, Carl J.

6-24

Vogt two-phase combustion system, illustrated

6-25

11-17

Volatility, of additives

2-4

of aviation gasoline

4-40

4-41

6-4

6-8

of diesel fuels of distillate heating oils

7-36

of gas turbine aircraft fuel

5-11

of kerosine

11-4

of LP-Gas

3-15

motor fuel

4-24

of naphthas

11-19

11-20

of natural gasoline

1-32

1-35

oil-spray lubrication and

9-70

of residual fuel oil

8-24

8-27

Volatility limits for gasoline, table

4-31

Volume corrections for LP-Gas

3-33

3-34

Volume-weight relationship of aircraft gas turbine fuels

5-13

5-14

6-9

I-139

Index terms

Links

W Wall-flame rotary burners illustrated Warm-air heating systems

7-12 7-12 7-15

ceiling-panel

7-16

forced-

7-15

perimeter

7-16

selecting furnace size for

7-20

small-pipe

7-16

Warp-yarn sizing Waste pads as oilers

7-13 7-16 7-16

10-24 9-36

Watch oil (see Instrument oils) Water as contaminant, of heating oils of residual fuel oil

7-47

7-48

8-12

8-16

8-34 and heat of combustion in crude oil

8-37

8-38

1-6

and ethanol gasoline blends

4-37

in flue gas

8-42

8-44

as fuel contaminator

5-16

5-17

in LP-Gas

3-37

oil contamination and

9-128

oil separation from

9-61

solubility of, in aircraft turbine fuels, graph

5-18

in soluble oils

2-42

Water power as source of energy

1-2

Water-pump grease

9-98

Water repellants

2-47

Water resistance of lubricating grease

9-83

8-20

8-25

I-140

Index terms

Links

Water tolerance of aviation gasoline

4-41

Water-vapor test for paraffin wax

10-9

Waterproofing compounds Wax consumption of, in United States table

10-23

10-24

12-34

1-2

1-8

10-1

10-1

10-28

10-6

exporting of

10-28

future of

10-28

in lubricating oils

9-55

melting point of

1-26

10-11

10-17

10-19

10-20

10-22

10-23

10-25

1-2 10-4

1-23 10-11

1-26

10-3

microcrystalline future of

10-28

illustrated

10-4

oxidized

10-12

10-13

physical properties of, tables

10-11

10-13

10-14

residual

10-11

uses of

10-1 10-23

10-12 10-25

10-13

10-19

oil content of

1-26

paraffin

1-23

1-26

4-9

4-17

10-2

11-11

12-24

composition of

10-6

definition of

10-7

in heating oils

7-28

smoke point for

7-30

stability of

7-38

illustrated

10-4

natural

10-6

normal

4-24

7-29

I-141

Index terms

Links

Wax (Continued) octane number of refinement of

4-23 10-7

synthetic

10-10

tests for

10-7

production of, in United States

10-11

10-1

history of

10-1

methods of

10-2

types of, table

10-2

in residual fuel oil

8-35

uses of

10-1

industrial

10-17

by volume

10-6

(See also Petrolatum) Wax distillate

10-2

Wax-naphthalene condensation products as pour-point depressors

2-23

Wax paper Wax pressing, early modern

10-17 10-1

10-2

10-2

Wax removal

1-22

1-23

Wear-resistance improvers

2-19

2-47

table

2-21

Weed killers (see Herbicides) Weight density of diesel fuel Welding, hypoid gears, additives to prevent West, the, tar sands in West Coast crude oil West Virginia

6-7 2-35 1-6 11-11 1-32

I-142

Index terms

Links

Western Europe, petroleum reserves in

1-4

relative production and consumption of oil in

1-4

Wet- and dry-bulb thermometry Wet gas defined

8-45

8-46

3-7

Wet-waxing of paper

10-17

Wetting agents

12-34

10-18

Wheel bearing lubricant

9-97

Wheel bearings, packing of

9-97

9-98

White crude scale wax

10-3

10-25

White oils

10-21

10-25

12-24

color of

11-41

for fungicides

11-44

for insecticides

11-47

for livestock sprays

11-41 1-23

1-28

White gasoline (see Marine gasoline)

medicinal

1-21

technical

1-2

U.S. Pharmacopoeia

1-2

White Petrolatum

10-15

Wick burners, smoking of

7-30

Wick char, measurement of

7-34

7-35

Wick oilers

9-36

9-37

Wilmington, California Winter gasoline

14-11 4-26

Winter plant-spray oils

11-31

Wire-rope lubricants

9-62

application of

9-63

function of

9-63

operating conditions for

9-62

4-27

9-64 9-63

I-143

Index terms

Links

Wire-rope lubricants (Continued) table of lubricants use of Wire-rope lubricators, illustrated

9-103 9-62 9-62

Wood alcohol

12-36

Woodworking plants, grease used in

9-110

World War I

11-35

12-2

12-3

World War II

1-35

1-36

2-24

4-4

4-38 10-1 10-28 11-46

7-3 10-10 11-30 12-3

7-4 10-18 11-36 12-17

8-2 10-23 11-37 15-4

11-9

11-11

12-7

12-12

12-21

12-39

Worm gears, additives used in lubricants lubrication of Wrapping material, microcrystalline wax used in

12-39

2-35 9-41 10-14

petrolatum and

10-16

waxing of

10-17

X Xylene evaporation rate of

11-46

properties of

11-46

as solvent

11-17

specifications for

11-28

toxicity of

11-23

Xylidines

12-39

Xylol

12-39

11-29

I-144

Index terms

Links

Z Zinc in residual fuel oil

8-25

Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates

2-34

Zinc dithiophosphates

2-19

Zinc naphthenate

8-31

Zinc oxide in solid lubricants

2-39

2-20