TODAS AS AULAS - 3 SÉRIE - QUÍMICA ORGÂNICA

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Cadeias carbônicas

Quanto à disposição dos átomos Abertas Quanto ao tipo de ligações acíclicas

  

• normais

• ramificadas

• saturadas • insaturadas

Quanto a natureza • homogêneas dos átomos • heterogêneas

alicíclicas Fechadas ou cíclicas

 

mesmas das cadeias acíclicas • mononucleares

aromáticas

• polinucleares



• isolados • condensados

O ácido acetil salicílico de fórmula: um analgésico de diversos nomes comerciais (AAS, Aspirina, Buferin e outros), apresenta cadeia carbônica: O

C

OH

O O C

a) acíclica, heterogênea, saturada, ramificada b) mista, heterogênea, insaturada, aromática c) mista, homogênea, saturada, alicíclica d) aberta, heterogênea, saturada, aromática e) mista, homogênea, insaturada, aromática

CH3

Uma cadeia carbônica alifática , homogênea saturada , apresenta um átomo de carbono quaternário , dois átomos de carbono terciário e três átomos de carbono secundário . Esta cadeia apresenta : 6 átomos de carbono 9 átomos de carbono 10 átomos de carbono 11 átomos de carbono 12 átomos de carbono

Quanto à classificação das cadeias carbônicas pode-se afirmar que : ( ) Uma cadeia saturada contém ligações duplas entre carbono e carbono . ( ) Uma cadeia heterogênea apresenta um átomo de carbono ligado à pelo menos dois átomos de carbono . ( ) Uma cadeia normal apresenta cadeias laterais ou ramificações . ( ) Uma cadeia aromática mononuclear pode apresentar mais de um grupo aromático . ( ) Uma cadeia aromática polinuclear não pode ser dita saturada . A classificação correta para : C C

C C N C C

C

É: aberta , heterogênea , ramificada , insaturada . Quais afirmativas estão corretas ? Justifique a afirmação V ?

Resolução

Questão 01 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Ciência, ainda hoje, não sabe explicar o que desencadeia o processo químico da paixão, isto é, por que a Maria se apaixonou ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ pelo José se o João era mais bonito e tinha um salário melhor? O fato é que quando a Maria encontrou José, seu corpo ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ imediatamente começou a produzir feniletilamina, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N CH2 CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ dando início ao delírio da paixão. Com relação a este composto, pode-se afirmar, corretamente, que ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a)sua cadeia carbônica é heterogênea ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b)o anel benzênico possui carbono terciário ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c)é uma amina terciária ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d)as ligações entre os átomos de carbono do anel benzênico são saturadas ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 02 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O chá da planta Bidens pilosa, conhecida vulgarmente pelo nome de picão, é usado para combater icterícia de recém-nascidos. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Das folhas dessa planta, é extraída uma substância química, cujo nome oficial é 1-fenilepta-1,3,5-triino e cuja estrutura é ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ apresentada abaixo. Essa substância possui propriedades antimicrobianas e, quando irradiada com luz ultravioleta, apresenta ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ atividade contra larvas de mosquitos e nematóides. Sobre a estrutura dessa substância, pode-se afirmar que ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a)possui 12 átomos de carbono com hibridização sp2. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b)possui 12 ligações σ carbono-carbono. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c)não possui carbonos com hibridização sp3. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d)possui 3 átomos de carbono com hibridização sp. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e)possui 9 ligações π carbono-carbono. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 03 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A preocupação com o bem-estar e a saúde é uma das características da sociedade moderna. Um dos recentes lançamentos que ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ evidenciam essa preocupação no setor de alimentos é o leite com ômega-3. Essa substância não é produzida pelo nosso ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ organismo, e estudos revelam que sua ingestão é importante para evitar problemas cardiovasculares. A estrutura química do ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ômega-3 pode ser assim representada: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H3CCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7 C OH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Com relação à estrutura química do ômega-3, é correto afirmar que essa substância possui cadeia carbônica ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) alifática, homogênea, saturada e ramificada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) alicíclica, heterogênea, insaturada e ramificada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) alifática, homogênea, insaturada e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) homocíclica, heterogênea, saturada e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) alicíclica, homogênea, saturada e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 04 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Das fórmulas abaixo, a única que possui cadeia carbônica heterogênea, saturada e normal, é: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) CH3CH2CH2MgCl ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) CH2=CH – CH2¬OH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) CH3COH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) CH3 – C(CH3) – CO – CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 05 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A nicotina, em mulheres grávidas fumantes, atravessam a barreira da placenta, alcançando o embrião e aumentando-lhe a ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ freqüência cardíaca, isto é, o "embrião fuma". ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Observe a estrutura da nicotina, representada abaixo. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 N ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Os carbonos secundários presentes nessa estrutura são em número de: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) 2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) 5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) 8 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) 10 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 06 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A umbeliferona é obtida da destilação de resinas vegetais (umbelliferae) e é usada em cremes e loções para bronzear. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O HO O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Classifica-se sua cadeia como: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) cíclica, alicíclica, normal insaturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) cíclica, aromática, mononuclear. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) cíclica, aromática polinuclear de núcleos condensados. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) cíclica, alicíclica, ramificada, insaturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) acíclica, aromática, polinuclear da núcleos isolados. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 07 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A substância de fórmula CH3–O–CH2–CH3 tem cadeia carbônica: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) acíclica, homogênea e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) cíclica, heterogênea e ramificada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) cíclica, homogênea e saturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) acíclica, insaturada e heterogênea. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) acíclica, saturada e heterogênea. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 08 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A acrilonitrila, H2C=CH–CN, matéria-prima usada na obtenção de fibras têxteis, tem cadeia carbônica: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) acíclica e ramificada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) cíclica e insaturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) cíclica e ramificada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) aberta e homogênea. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) aberta e saturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 09 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Preocupações com a melhoria da qualidade de vida levaram levaram a propor a substituição do uso do PVC pelo poliureftalato ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ de etileno ou PET, menos poluentes na combustão. Esse polímero está relacionado com os compostos: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I - Ácido terftálico II - Etileno ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H2 C CH2 C C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HO OH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ É________________________________________________________________________________________________________ correto afirmar que I e II têm, respectivamente, cadeia carbônica: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) alicíclica e acíclica. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) saturada e insaturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) heterocíclica e aberta. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) aromática e insaturda. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) acíclica e homogênea. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 10 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O ácido adípico de fórmula: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH2 O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H2 C OH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ OH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H2 C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH2 O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Empregado na fabricação do náilon apresenta cadeia carbônica: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) saturada, aberta, homogênea e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) saturada, aberta, heterogênea e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) insaturada, aberta, homogênea e normal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) insaturada, fechada, homogênea e aromática. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) insaturada, fechada, homogênea e alicíclica. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 11 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O composto orgânico, de fórmula plana, possui: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 C C CH2 CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) 5 carbonos primários, 3 carbonos secundários, 1 carbono terciário e 2 carbonos quaternários. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) 3 carbonos primários, 3 carbonos secundários, 1 carbono terciário e 1 carbono quaternário. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) 5 carbonos primários, 1 carbono secundário, 1 carbono terciário e 1 carbono quaternário. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) 4 carbonos primários, 1 carbono secundário, 2 carbonos terciários e 1 carbono quaternário. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questão 12 :

Exercícios da trilha :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O composto apresenta: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 C CH3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NH2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) cadeia carbônica insaturada. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) somente carbonos primários. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c) um carbono quaternário. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ d) três carbonos primários e um terciário. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e) cadeia carbônica heterogênea. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-) Nomenclatura de compostos de cadeia normal: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O nome de um composto orgânico é dividido em três partes: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Prefixo  indica o número de átomos de carbono existentes na cadeia carbônica principal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Infixo  indica o tipo de ligação química existente entre carbonos. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Sufixo  indica a função química a que pertence o composto. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-) Nomenclatura de compostos de cadeia normal: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O nome de um composto orgânico é dividido em três partes: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Prefixo  indica o número de átomos de carbono existentes na cadeia carbônica principal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Infixo  indica o tipo de ligação química existente entre carbonos. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ # Sufixo  indica a função química a que pertence o composto. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Carbonos  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prefixos  ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ligações  simples 1 dupla 1 tripla 2 duplas 2 triplas ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Infixos 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São grupos de compostos que apresentam características físicas, químicas e estruturais ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ semelhantes. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São compostos orgânicos formados apenas por átomos de carbono e hidrogênio. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H Alcanos  Cadeia alifática e saturada. Chamados de parafinas. CH H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D Alcenos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma dupla ligação H C CH H C CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Alcinos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma tripla ligação HC CH H C C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Alcadienos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por duas duplas ligações. H C CH CH CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclanos  Cadeia cíclica e saturada . H C CH O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclenos  Cadeia cíclica e insaturada por uma dupla ligação. H C CH E ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H C CH T ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Aromáticos  Contem o anel aromático. CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S

Cadeia acíclica

4

2

3

2

3

2

3

3

Cadeia cíclica

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São compostos orgânicos formados apenas por átomos de carbono e hidrogênio. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H Alcanos  Cadeia alifática e saturada. Chamados de parafinas. CH H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D Alcenos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma dupla ligação H C CH H C CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Alcinos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma tripla ligação HC CH H C C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Alcadienos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por duas duplas ligações. H C CH CH CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H C CH B ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclanos  Cadeia cíclica e saturada . H C CH O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclenos  Cadeia cíclica e insaturada por uma dupla ligação. H C CH E ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ T ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Aromáticos  Contem o anel aromático. CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S

Cadeia acíclica

4

2

3

2

3

2

3

3

Cadeia cíclica

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São compostos orgânicos formados apenas por átomos de carbono e hidrogênio. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H Alcanos  Cadeia alifática e saturada. Chamados de parafinas. CH H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D Alcenos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma dupla ligação H C CH H C CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Alcinos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma tripla ligação HC CH H C C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Alcadienos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por duas duplas ligações. H C CH CH CH CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H C CH B ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclanos  Cadeia cíclica e saturada . H C CH O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ N H C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclenos  Cadeia cíclica e insaturada por uma dupla ligação. H C CH E ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ T ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ O Aromáticos  Contem o anel aromático. CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S

Cadeia acíclica

4

2

3

2

3

2

3

3

Cadeia cíclica

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São compostos orgânicos formados apenas por átomos de carbono e hidrogênio.

Cadeia cíclica

Cadeia acíclica

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alcanos  Cadeia alifática e saturada. Chamados de parafinas. CH4 H3C CH3 I ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  D ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alcenos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma dupla ligação H2C CH2 H3C CH CH2 R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alcinos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por uma tripla ligação HC CH H3C C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  A ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ R ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alcadienos  Cadeia alifática e insaturada por duas duplas ligações. H3C CH CH CH CH2 B ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H2C CH2 O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclanos  Cadeia cíclica e saturada . H2C CH2 N ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  E ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H2C CH ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ciclenos  Cadeia cíclica e insaturada por uma dupla ligação. H2C CH T ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  O ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CH3 S ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aromáticos  Contem o anel aromático.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ São compostos diferentes mas que apresentam as mesmas fórmulas moleculares. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Exemplo: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H H H H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H C O C H H C C O H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H H H H ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alcenos e ciclanos Fórmula geral  CnH2n ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Em hidrocarbonetos, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ocorre entre: Alcinos, dienos e ciclenos ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fórmula geral  CnH2n-2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e

Álcool

éter

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ DEF: É a maior _______________ de átomos de carbono que se pode obter dentro de uma ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ cadeia carbônica. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 3 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 2 2 2 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 3 2 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C C C C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C C C C C C C C C C C C C C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C C C C C C C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CADEIA CARBÔNICA CADEIA CARBÔNICA PRINCIPAL ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HC

HC

CH CH

CH CH C CH

CH

CH

CH

CH CH C

CH

CH CH

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Um composto de cadeia carbônica NORMAL, apresenta fórmula C4H8, identifique as ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ possíveis estruturas e sua nomenclatura IUPAC: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

H3C

H3C

CH CH3

CH2 CH3

CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 C

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3

H3C

H3C

CH CH3

CH2 CH3

CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 C

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3

Ocorrem freqüentemente em ligações polarizadas , em presença de solventes polares, com gasto de pouca energia.

Exemplo:

H H C

H F

H C

H

H

Flúor metano

Carbocátion metila

+

F Ânion fluoreto

Ocorre em ligações apolares ou em ligações onde a diferença de eletronegatividade entre os elementos ligantes é muito pequena (pouco polar)

Exemplo:

H H C H

H H C

H

H

Metano

Radical livre metila

+

H Radical livre hidrogênio

São grupos orgânicos derivados dos alcanos:

H H C

ou então H3C

H

H H H C

C

H H

ou então H3C

H2C

H H H H C

C

C

ou então H3C

H2C

H2C

H H H

H H C

H C

C

H H H

H ou então H3C

CH CH3

H H H H H C C C C

H H

H

H C C C C H

H H H H ou então

H H H H ou então

H3C CH2 CH2 CH2

H3C CH2 CH CH3

HHH HHH H C H ou então CH3 H C H ou então CH3 H3C CH CH2 H C C C H H3C C CH3 H C C C

H

H

H H H

H H

C C

H

ou então H2C CH

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2

H3C

CH2 CH CH3

CH3

CH2 CH2 H3C

H3C

CH2

H3C H3C

CH CH3

H3C

CH3

CH CH2

CH CH3

H3C H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3 H3C

C

CH CH3 CH2

CH

H3C CH2

H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

H3C CH CH3

CH3

H3C (CH2)10 CH2

H3C H2C CH3

CH3 H3C C

CH2 H3C CH2

CH3

H2C H2C CH3

HC CH2

CH3

H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2

H3C

CH2 CH CH3

CH3

CH2 CH2 H3C

H3C

CH2

H3C H3C

CH CH3

H3C

CH3

CH CH2

CH CH3

H3C H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3 H3C

C

CH CH3 CH2

CH

H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2

H3C

CH2 CH CH3

CH3

CH2 CH2 H3C

H3C

CH2

H3C H3C

CH CH3

H3C

CH3

CH CH2

CH CH3

H3C H3C

H3C

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3 H3C

C

CH CH3 CH2

CH

H3C CH2

H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

H3C CH CH3

CH3

H3C (CH2)10 CH2

H3C H2C CH3

CH3 H3C C

CH2 H3C CH2

CH3

H2C H2C CH3

HC CH2

CH3

1- Achar a cadeia carbônica principal do composto.

2- Identificar as ramificações ou outros ligados a esta cadeia carbônica principal. 3- Nomeie estes grupamentos e coloque-os em ordem alfabética (sem levar em consideração os prefixos designativos de quantidades ou os prefixos t-,s-,n-) diante do nome do hidrocarboneto principal. 4- Numere a cadeia carbônica principal de modo que os ligantes recebam os menores números possíveis. Se a cadeia for insaturada, a numeração será feita partindo-se da extremidade mais próxima da insaturação. 5- Números, são separados de números por vírgula; nomes, são separados de nomes por hífens; e números são separados de nomes também por hífens

H3C CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3 C2H5

1- Qual é a estrutura e a nomenclatura IUPAC do composto formado pela junção dos grupos iso-butil e n-propil?

2- Ao carbono terciário do composto formado pela junção dos grupos iso-butil e terc-butil, liga-se um outro grupo sec-butil. Qual é a estrutura e a nomenclatura IUPAC desse composto?

Exemplo de hidrocarboneto ramificado

1  Ramificações = 34

10

2 9

3 8

4 7

5 6

6 5 4

7 8 3 2

9 10 1

 Ramificações = 23

Ex 2 : 1

2

3

4

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

5

6

H3C CH CH2 CH2 C CH 11

10

9

8

7

6

H3C H2C CH Insaturação no carbono 5 Insaturação no carbono 6

CH3

7

C CH2 CH2 CH3

5

8 4 CH

2

9

10

11

CH2 CH CH 1 3 3

2

CH3